Abstract 25: Prorenin Elevates Blood Pressure via the (Pro)renin Receptor: Who Needs Renin When You Have Prorenin in the Brain

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumei Feng ◽  
Wencheng Li ◽  
Hua Peng ◽  
Atsuhiro Ichihara
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Brain Neuron ◽  
Neurogenic Hypertension ◽  
Salt Hypertension ◽  
The Brain

Growing evidence supports that the brain renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) plays an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation and hypertension. This concept has been perplexed by extremely low renin activity in the brain. We recently reported the presence of prorenin in the mouse brain at a level of 10-fold higher than that of renin. In addition, we and others have identified the localization of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in various brain nuclei involved in BP regulation. The binding of prorenin to PRR leads to Ang II formation in vitro. Our hypothesis: Brain prorenin binding to PRR mediates Ang II formation, leading to an increase in BP. To test this, neuron-specific PRR knockout mice (Nefh-PRR) and wildtype (WT) littermates (N=5/group) were each implanted with a telemetric probe for BP recording and an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula for infusion of mouse prorenin (100ng/ul), mouse renin (100ng/ul), or Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker (losartan, 10ug/ul) at 0.3ul/minute for 10 minutes. Mouse prorenin infusion increased the BP (mmHg) in WT mice (ΔMAP: 41 ± 5); however, the prorenin-induced pressor response was abolished in Nefh-PRR mice (ΔMAP: 5 ± 1). Infusion of mouse renin similarly increased BP in Nefh-PRR (ΔMAP: 27 ± 2) and WT (ΔMAP: 31 ± 5) mice. The pressor response induced by prorenin or renin was completely blocked by the infusion of losartan. The data suggests that ICV prorenin via PRR mediates Ang II-dependent pressor response in WT mice. To determine whether PRR contributes to the development of brain RAS-dependent hypertension, Nefh-PRR and WT littermates (N=8/group) were treated with 50mg of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) subcutaneously, plus 0.9% NaCl drinking water for 21 days. The baseline BP was similar between Nefh-PRR (101 ± 2) and WT (101 ± 3) mice. BP was increased in WT mice (132 ± 6) by DOCA-salt treatment, while Nefh-PRR mice remained normotensive (108 ± 3). In summary, prorenin via PRR mediates AngII/AT1R-dependent pressor response in the brain. Neuron-specific PRR deletion attenuates the development of DOCA-salt hypertension likely due to the lack of Ang II/AT1R activation. We conclude that prorenin/PRR may be the key factors to initiate the brain RAS and play an essential role in neurogenic hypertension.

scholarly journals Excess of Aminopeptidase A in the Brain Elevates Blood Pressure via the Angiotensin II Type 1 and Bradykinin B2 Receptors without Dipsogenic Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuto Nakamura ◽  
Masanobu Yamazato ◽  
Akio Ishida ◽  
Yusuke Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Aminopeptidase A ◽  
Hoe 140 ◽  
B2 Receptors ◽  
The Brain

Aminopeptidase A (APA) cleaves angiotensin (Ang) II, kallidin, and other related peptides. In the brain, it activates the renin angiotensin system and causes hypertension. Limited data are available on the dipsogenic effect of APA and pressor effect of degraded peptides of APA such as bradykinin. Wistar-Kyoto rats received intracerebroventricular (icv) APA in a conscious, unrestrained state after pretreatment with (i) vehicle, (ii) 80 μg of telmisartan, an Ang II type-1 (AT1) receptor blocker, (iii) 800 nmol of amastatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor, and (iv) 1 nmol of HOE-140, a bradykinin B2 receptor blocker. Icv administration of 400 and 800 ng of APA increased blood pressure by 12.6 ± 3.0 and 19.0 ± 3.1 mmHg, respectively. APA did not evoke drinking behavior. Pressor response to APA was attenuated on pretreatment with telmisartan (vehicle: 22.1 ± 2.2 mmHg versus telmisartan: 10.4 ± 3.2 mmHg). Pressor response to APA was also attenuated with amastatin and HOE-140 (vehicle: 26.5 ± 1.1 mmHg, amastatin: 14.4 ± 4.2 mmHg, HOE-140: 16.4 ± 2.2 mmHg). In conclusion, APA increase in the brain evokes a pressor response via enzymatic activity without dipsogenic effect. AT1 receptors and B2 receptors in the brain may contribute to the APA-induced pressor response.

Abstract P059: A A Role of Aminopeptidase A in the Brain on Cardiovascular Regulation of Conscious Rat

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuto Nakamura ◽  
Masanobu Yamazato ◽  
Akio Ishida ◽  
Yusuke Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Aminopeptidase A ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Aminopeptidase A (APA) have important role in conversion of Ang II to Ang III. Intravenous APA administration lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In contrast, APA inhibition in the brain lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Therefore APA might have different role on cardiovascular regulation. However, a role of APA and Ang III on cardiovascular regulation especially in the brain has not been fully understood. Our purpose of present study was to investigate a role of APA and Ang III in the brain on cardiovascular regulation in conscious state. Method: 12-13 weeks old Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY) and 12-16 weeks old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were used. i) APA distribution in the brain was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of APA was evaluated by Western blotting. Enzymatic activity of APA was evaluated using L-glutamic acid γ-(4-nitroanilide) as a substrate. ii) WKY received icv administration of Ang II 25ng/2μL and Ang III 25ng/2μL. We recorded change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious and unrestraied state and measured induced drinking time. iii) SHR received icv administeration of recombinant APA 400ng/4μL. We recorded change in MAP in conscious and unrestraied state and measured induced drinking time. Result: i) APA was diffusely immunostained in the cells of brain stem including cardiovascular regulatory area such as rostral ventrolateral medulla. Protein expression and APA activity in the brain were similar between WKY (n=3) and SHR (n=3).ii) Icv administration of Ang II increased MAP by 33.8±3.8 mmHg and induced drinking behavior for 405±90 seconds (n=4). Icv administration of Ang III also increased MAP by 24.7±2.4 mmHg and induced drinking behavior for 258±62 seconds (n=3). These vasopressor activity and induced drinking behavior was completely blocked by pretretment of angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker.iii) Icv administration of APA increased MAP by 10.0±1.7 mmHg (n=3). Conclusion: These results suggested that Ang III in the brain increase blood pressure by Angiotensin type 1 receptor dependent mechanism and APA in the brain may involved in blood pressure regulation as a vasopressor enzyme.

Abstract P152: Aminopeptidase A in the Brain Exerts Cardiovascular Action via Degradation of Kallidin to Bradykinin

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuto Nakamura ◽  
Masanobu Yamazato ◽  
Yusuke Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Aminopeptidase A ◽  
Hoe 140 ◽  
Wistar Kyoto ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Aminopeptidase A (APA) degrades of various sympathomodulatory peptides such as angiotensin (Ang) II, cholecystkinin-8, neurokinin B and kallidin. APA activity is increased in the brain of hypertensive rats. A centrally acting APA inhibitor prodrug is currently under investigation in clinical trial for treatment of hypertension. In previous reports, a role of APA in the brain on cardiovascular regulation was researched focus on only renin-angiotensin system. We previously reported that intracerebroventricular(icv) administration of APA increased blood pressure and that this pressor response was partially blocked by angiotensin receptor blocker. In this study, we evaluated a role of APA on cardiovascular regulation focusing on peptides other than Ang II. Method: Eleven weeks old Wistar Kyoto rats were used. We icv administrated 800 ng/8 μL of APA after pretreatment of following drugs, i) 8μL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as a control, ii) 80 nmol/8 μL of amastatin which is a non-specific aminopeptidase inhibitor, iii) 1 nmol/8 μL of HOE-140 which is a bradykinin receptor blocker to evaluate the involvement of degradation of kallidin to bradykinin by APA. Result: i) Icv administration of APA after pretreatment of aCSF increased blood pressure rapidly. Blood pressure reached a peak within 1 minute. The elevated blood pressure decreased gradually and reached baseline blood pressure in 10 minutes. A peak pressor response is 25.5±1.4 mmHg (n=5). ii) Icv pretreatment of amastatin or HOE-140 did not change the blood pressure. A peak pressor response induced by APA is 13.1±4.1 mmHg (n=6, p<0.05 vs aCSF). iii) Icv pretreatment of HOE-140 did not change the blood pressure. A peak pressor response induced by APA is 21.2±1.8 mmHg (n=4, p<0.05 vs aCSF). Conclusion: 1) Icv administration of APA increased blood pressure by APA enzymatic activity. 2) Cardiovascular regulation of APA in the brain is due to not only degradation of Ang II to Ang III but also degradation of kallidin to bradykinin. Clinical implication: We think inhibition of APA in the brain may be a unique therapeutic target which affects several cardiovascular peptides in the brain.

Changes in angiotensin type 1 receptor binding and angiotensin-induced pressor responses in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of angiotensinogen knockout mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (2) ◽  
pp. R411-R418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daian Chen ◽  
Lisa Hazelwood ◽  
Lesley L. Walker ◽  
Brian J. Oldfield ◽  
Michael J. McKinley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Angiotensin Type

ANG II, the main circulating effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system, is produced by enzymatic cleavage of angiotensinogen. The present study aimed to examine whether targeted deletion of the angiotensinogen gene ( Agt) altered brain ANG II receptor density or responsiveness to ANG II. In vitro autoradiography was used to examine the distribution and density of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 receptors. In most brain regions, the distribution and density of angiotensin receptors were similar in brains of Agt knockout mice ( Agt −/− ) and wild-type mice. In Agt −/− mice, a small increase in AT1 receptor binding was observed in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a region that plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation. To examine whether Agt −/− mice showed altered responses to ANG II, blood pressure responses to intravenous injection (0.01–0.1 μg/kg) or RVLM microinjection (50 pmol in 50 nl) of ANG II were recorded in anesthetized Agt −/− and wild-type mice. Intravenous injections of phenylephrine (4 μg/kg and 2 μg/kg) were also made in both groups. The magnitude of the pressor response to intravenous injections of ANG II or phenylephrine was not different between Agt −/− and wild-type mice. Microinjection of ANG II into the RVLM induced a pressor response, which was significantly smaller in Agt −/− compared with wild-type mice (+10 ± 1 vs. +23 ± 4 mmHg, respectively, P = 0.004). Microinjection of glutamate into the RVLM (100 pmol in 10 nl) produced a robust pressor response, which was not different between Agt −/− and wild-type mice. A diminished response to ANG II microinjection in the RVLM of Agt −/− mice, despite an increased density of AT1 receptors suggests that signal transduction pathways may be altered in RVLM neurons of Agt −/− mice, resulting in attenuated cellular excitation.

scholarly journals Possible role for brain prostanoid pathways in the development of angiotensin II-salt hypertension in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. R232-R242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninitha Asirvatham-Jeyaraj ◽  
Gregory D. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Lamina Terminalis ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Neurogenic Hypertension ◽  
Salt Hypertension ◽  
Pressor Activity ◽  
Organum Vasculosum ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Infusion Period

Prostanoids generated by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway appear to contribute to the neurogenic hypertension (HTN) in rats. The first goal of this study was to establish the time frame during which prostanoids participate in ANG II-salt HTN. We induced HTN using ANG II (150 ng·kg−1·min−1 sc) infusion for 14 days in rats on a high-salt (2% NaCl) diet. When ketoprofen pretreatment was combined with treatment during the first 7 days of ANG II infusion, development of HTN and increased neurogenic pressor activity (indexed by the depressor response to ganglion blockade) were significantly attenuated for the entire ANG II infusion period. This suggests that prostanoid generation caused by administration of ANG II and salt leads to an increase in neurogenic pressor activity and blood pressure (BP) via a mechanism that persists without the need for continuing prostanoid input. The second goal of this study was to determine whether prostanoid products specifically in the brain contribute to HTN development. Expression of prostanoid pathway genes was measured in brain regions known to affect neurogenic BP regulation. ANG II-treated rats exhibited changes in gene expression of phospholipase A2 (upregulated in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and middle cerebral artery) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (upregulated in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis). On the basis of our results, we propose that activation of the brain prostanoid synthesis pathway both upstream and downstream from COX at early stages plays an important role in the development of the neurogenic component of ANG II-salt HTN.

Abstract P129: The High Blood Pressure-Malaria Protection Hypothesis

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Gallego-Delgado ◽  
Thomas Walther ◽  
Ana Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial ◽  
The Brain

For decades, researchers have been fascinated by the idea of a causative connection between hypertension and malaria as the prevalence of hypertension is higher in populations that have been exposed to malaria for long periods. Cerebral malaria is a multi-factorial syndrome involving the interaction between P. falciparum -infected red blood cells ( Pf -iRBC) and host cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Disruption of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), ranging from increased permeability to complete loss of inter-endothelial junctions (IEJ) and to petechial hemorrhages in the brain, is a characteristic feature of cerebral malaria. Our in vitro experiments show that Pf -iRBC induce the disruption of IEJ in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) mediated by the activation of β-catenin. Protection from this effect is achieved by blockade of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1) or stimulation of the type 2 receptor (AT2), which abrogate Pf -iRBC-induced activation of β-catenin and prevent the disruption HBMEC monolayers. Using a mouse model of cerebral malaria, we observed similar effects after treatment with Ang II receptors modulators, leading to protection against cerebral malaria, reduced cerebral hemorrhages (1.98 and 1.17 vs 0.63 for control, AT1 blocker and AT2 agonist respectively; p<0.05) and increased survival. While only 25% survived in controls (4 of 16 mice), 81.7% (13 of 15) and 71.4% (5 of 7) survived under AT1 blockade or AT2 agonist, respectively. In contrast, AT2-deficient mice were more susceptible to cerebral malaria (0% survival; 0 of 9). A causal association between high levels of Ang II and protection from malaria pathogenesis can provide a likely explanation for the increased prevalence in hypertension observed in populations of African and South Asian origin. Furthermore, this potential causative connection might also direct to unique approaches for the effective treatment of cerebral malaria.

scholarly journals β-Arrestin–Biased Agonist Targeting the Brain AT 1 R (Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor) Increases Aversion to Saline and Lowers Blood Pressure in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate–Salt Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Zanaty ◽  
Fernando A.C. Seara ◽  
Pablo Nakagawa ◽  
Guorui Deng ◽  
Natalia M. Mathieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Deoxycorticosterone Acetate ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Salt Hypertension ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Biased Agonist

Activation of central AT 1 Rs (angiotensin type 1 receptors) is required for the increased blood pressure, polydipsia, and salt intake in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt hypertension. TRV120027 (TRV027) is an AT 1 R-biased agonist that selectively acts through β-arrestin. We hypothesized that intracerebroventricular administration of TRV027 would ameliorate the effects of DOCA-salt. In a neuronal cell line, TRV027 induced AT 1a R internalization through dynamin and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We next evaluated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of TRV027 on fluid intake. We measured the relative intake of water versus various saline solutions using a 2-bottle choice paradigm in mice subjected to DOCA with a concomitant intracerebroventricular infusion of either vehicle, TRV027, or losartan. Sham mice received intracerebroventricular vehicle without DOCA. TRV027 potentiated DOCA-induced water intake in the presence or absence of saline. TRV027 and losartan both increased the aversion for saline—an effect particularly pronounced for highly aversive saline solutions. Intracerebroventricular Ang (angiotensin) II, but not TRV027, increased water and saline intake in the absence of DOCA. In a separate cohort, blood pressure responses to acute intracerebroventricular injection of vehicle, TRV, or losartan were measured by radiotelemetry in mice with established DOCA-salt hypertension. Central administration of intracerebroventricular TRV027 or losartan each caused a significant and similar reduction of blood pressure and heart rate. We conclude that administration of TRV027 a selective β-arrestin biased agonist directly into the brain increases aversion to saline and lowers blood pressure in a model of salt-sensitive hypertension. These data suggest that selective activation of AT 1 R β-arrestin pathways may be exploitable therapeutically.

Angiotensin II and bradykinin: interactions between two centrally active peptides

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. R285-R291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Lewis ◽  
W. E. Hoffman ◽  
M. I. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Active Peptides ◽  
Central Actions ◽  
Prostaglandin A2 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Peptide Interaction

Two neuropeptides, bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin II (ANG II), produce an increase in blood pressure when injected into the brain ventricles. This study is an example of central peptide-peptide interaction and was carried out to determine if BK and ANG II share a common mechanism in the brain to control blood pressure and drinking in rats. Prior injection of saralasin [10 micrograms intraventricularly (ivt)] was found to enhance the pressor response to ivt BK (5 micrograms) by 44%. The same dose of saralasin attenuated the pressor response to ivt ANG II (200 ng) by 55%. 50 ng ANG II and 5 micrograms BK given together ivt did not significantly alter blood pressure or urine conductance compared to 50 ng ANG II alone. Drinking to ivt infusions of ANG II (14 ng/min) was significantly attenuated when combined with BK (0.7 micrograms or 2.8 micrograms/min). Pretreatment with 10 micrograms indomethacin ivt diminished the pressor response to 5 micrograms ivt BK. Prostaglandin E2 (1.4 micrograms/min), but not prostaglandin A2, inhibited drinking to 14 ng/min ivt infusions of ANG II. The results suggest that ANG II and BK share an interrelationship with respect to their central actions: ANG II inhibits the BK pressor response and BK acts to inhibit drinking induced by ANG II. Prostaglandins of the E series may mediate these central actions of bradykinins.

Cardiovascular actions of microinjections of angiotensin II in the brain stem of rats

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (5) ◽  
pp. R811-R816 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Casto ◽  
M. I. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
The Brain

The blood pressure and heart rate responses to microinjection of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the brain stem of urethan-anesthetized rats were studied. Microinjection of ANG II into the area postrema (AP) resulted in significant elevation of blood pressure and significant reduction of heart rate. Microinjection into the region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) yielded a significant dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure and consistent increases in heart rate. The response to microinjection of ANG II into the region of the NTS was not due to leakage into the peripheral circulation, since intravenous administration of the ANG II antagonist, saralasin, did not attenuate the response. In fact, the cardiovascular response was increased after peripheral ANG II blockade, and the heart rate, which was consistently but not significantly elevated by NTS injection alone, was significantly elevated after saralasin pretreatment. Thermal ablation of the AP did not change the heart rate or the pressor response to microinjection of ANG II into the region of the NTS, indicating that the response was not mediated through the AP.

scholarly journals Neuronal Networks in Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice G. Guyenet ◽  
Ruth L. Stornetta ◽  
George M.P.R. Souza ◽  
Stephen B.G. Abbott ◽  
Virginia L. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Lamina Terminalis ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Neurogenic Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Brain

Neurogenic hypertension is associated with excessive sympathetic nerve activity to the kidneys and portions of the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the brain regions that cause heightened sympathetic nerve activity in animal models of neurogenic hypertension, and we discuss the triggers responsible for the changes in neuronal activity within these regions. We highlight the limitations of the evidence and, whenever possible, we briefly address the pertinence of the findings to human hypertension. The arterial baroreflex reduces arterial blood pressure variability and contributes to the arterial blood pressure set point. This set point can also be elevated by a newly described cerebral blood flow-dependent and astrocyte-mediated sympathetic reflex. Both reflexes converge on the presympathetic neurons of the rostral medulla oblongata, and both are plausible causes of neurogenic hypertension. Sensory afferent dysfunction (reduced baroreceptor activity, increased renal, or carotid body afferent) contributes to many forms of neurogenic hypertension. Neurogenic hypertension can also result from activation of brain nuclei or sensory afferents by excess circulating hormones (leptin, insulin, Ang II [angiotensin II]) or sodium. Leptin raises blood vessel sympathetic nerve activity by activating the carotid bodies and subsets of arcuate neurons. Ang II works in the lamina terminalis and probably throughout the brain stem and hypothalamus. Sodium is sensed primarily in the lamina terminalis. Regardless of its cause, the excess sympathetic nerve activity is mediated to some extent by activation of presympathetic neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Increased activity of the orexinergic neurons also contributes to hypertension in selected models.

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