Policy Infusion Through Capacity Building and Project Interaction: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Biedenkopf ◽  
Sarah Van Eynde ◽  
Hayley Walker
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
National Development ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The One

Capacity-building projects can be a vehicle for fostering policy diffusion. They should not, however, be considered as exclusively externally driven; the receiving jurisdiction’s receptiveness and leverage to steer the design of those projects can be crucial factors, shaping the process of infusing different external policy expertise and experiences into domestic policy design and implementation. This article shows that the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has played a key role in steering the capacity-building efforts of external financiers in the case of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading. The focus here is twofold: analyzing, on the one hand, the interaction among capacity-building projects financed by different external financiers, and on the other, the role that central actors and brokers can play in the complex structure of interacting projects.

Effects of topsoil removal on greenhouse gas exchange of fen paludicultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp-Fernando Köwitsch ◽  
Bärbel Tiemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Topsoil Removal ◽  
Productive Land ◽  
The One

<p>Drainage is necessary for conventional agriculture on peatlands, but this practice causes high emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Paludiculture is an option to mitigate these adverse environmental effects while maintaining productive land use. Whereas the GHG exchange of paludiculture on rewetted bog peat, i.e. <em>Sphagnum</em> farming, is relatively well examined, data on GHG emissions from fen paludicultures is still very scarce. As typical fen paludiculture species are all aerenchymous plants, the release of methane is of particular interest when optimising the GHG balance of such systems. Topsoil removal is, on the one hand, an option to reduce methane emissions as well as phosphorus release upon rewetting, but on the other hand, nutrient-rich topsoils might foster biomass growth.</p><p>In this project, <em>Typha angustifolia</em>, <em>Typha latifolia</em>, and <em>Phragmites australis</em> are grown at a fen peatland formerly used as grassland. Water levels will be kept at the surface or slightly above it. In parts of the newly created polder, the topsoil will be removed. To be able to separate the effects of topsoil removal and water level, four smaller sub-polders will be installed. Greenhouse gas exchange will be measured with closed manual chambers for all three species with and without topsoil removal as well as at a reference grassland site close by.</p>

scholarly journals A Financing Model to Solve Financial Barriers for Implementing Green Building Projects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyo Lee ◽  
Baekrae Lee ◽  
Juhyung Kim ◽  
Jaejun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Green Buildings ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Certified Emission Reduction ◽  
Financing Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
Building Project

Along with the growing interest in greenhouse gas reduction, the effect of greenhouse gas energy reduction from implementing green buildings is gaining attention. The government of the Republic of Korea has set green growth as its paradigm for national development, and there is a growing interest in energy saving for green buildings. However, green buildings may have financial barriers that have high initial construction costs and uncertainties about future project value. Under the circumstances, governmental support to attract private funding is necessary to implement green building projects. The objective of this study is to suggest a financing model for facilitating green building projects with a governmental guarantee based on Certified Emission Reduction (CER). In this model, the government provides a guarantee for the increased costs of a green building project in return for CER. And this study presents the validation of the model as well as feasibility for implementing green building project. In addition, the suggested model assumed governmental guarantees for the increased cost, but private guarantees seem to be feasible as well because of the promising value of the guarantee from CER. To do this, certification of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) for green buildings must be obtained.

scholarly journals Private Standards in the Climate Regime: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica F. Green
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Firm Level

This paper seeks to explain the success of two NGOs in creating standards for calculating and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the level of an entire company. These emissions accounting standards, called the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, have been widely adopted by multinational firms, emissions reporting registries, and even an emissions trading scheme. The paper traces the widespread adoption of the standards, and then offers an explanation for this successful instance of private regulation. It presents a supply and demand model of private entrepreneurial authority—where private actors project authority without delegation by states. The two NGOs were successful rule-makers because they were able meet a demand for three benefits to potential users of the standard: reduced transaction costs, first-mover advantage, and an opportunity to burnish their reputation as environmental leaders. The paper also explains the supply of private authority—that is, why we see entrepreneurial authority rather than delegation by states. The disagreement among developed countries on the appropriate role for emissions trading in the climate regime delayed action on developing firm-level accounting methodologies. Moreover, the relative weakness of the focal institution in the climate regime—the climate change Secretariat—meant that there was no obvious international organization to take up the task of creating new measurement tools.

scholarly journals White Certificates and White Certificate Trading Schemes as greenhouse gas mitigation policy options for South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Emily Tyler ◽  
Michelle Du Toit ◽  
Zelda Burchell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
White Certificates

AbstractEnergy efficiency activities driven by White Certificate Trading schemes (WCT) achieve the objective of conserving energy, and in most circumstances, also that of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential therefore exists that both objectives could be targeted by a single policy mechanism. Energy efficiency activities are important from a GHG mitigation perspective as they represent some of the least costly GHG mitigation activities available to economies. However, there are some significant differences between the use of a direct policy instrument to target GHG emissions mitigation, and the use of an indirect instrument such as WCT, whose direct policy objective is to achieve energy efficiency. Most importantly, WCT utilises intensity targets, whereas GHG mitigation is required by science to comprise absolute reductions. International experience does however suggest that white certificates can be fully fungible with a GHG mitigation policy instrument such as an emissions trading scheme, as long as double counting rules are firmly in place, and the design of the schemes are compatible.Given that 80 percent of the South African GHG emissions are energy related, with energy efficiency measures in industry, commerce and the residential sector representing the bulk of negative cost mitigation options available in the economy, energy efficiency has an important role to play in the country’s mitigation strategy.This paper presents results on research into WCT as a policy option for South Africa conducted in 2008 and presented at the Climate Change Summit 2009.  It investigates in particular the Electricity Conservation Scheme (ECS) as an option for incorporating a WCT mechanism.There is limited experience and therefore analysis on WCS available to date, and even less on the potential interaction and linkages of WCS and emissions trading schemes. This paper therefore identifies significa

scholarly journals Optimal Replacement, Retrofit, And Management Of A Fleet Of Assets Under Regulations Of An Emissions Trading System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Rajabian
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Parallel Replacement ◽  
Emissions Trading System

This thesis presents the development of a model for parallel replacement and improvement for a fleet of assets to minimize both the economic costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions where the emissions are limited by cap-and-trade. The firm which owns the assets has the options of using the assets, putting them in inventory, improving them, or salvaging them. Different technological types and their performances have been considered for assets. The firm has the option of purchasing new assets from varying technologies and/or improving its existing assets to a higher-performance type. Moreover, the model considers the possibility of both banking the emission allowances and trading them in the market. The model was later used with data of a fleet of excavators in Ontario, Canada. The use of this model could help emitter firms to simultaneously manage the emissions and costs of their fleet of assets in a jurisdiction regulated by cap-and-trade.

Developing an International Assurance Standard on Greenhouse Gas Statements

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Simnett ◽  
Michael Nugent ◽  
Anna L. Huggins
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Public Officials

SYNOPSIS: Worldwide public concern over climate change and the need to limit greenhouse gas (hereafter, GHG) emissions has increasingly motivated public officials to consider more stringent environmental regulation and standards. The authors argue that the development of a new international assurance standard on GHG disclosures is an appropriate response by the auditing and assurance profession to meet these challenges. At its December 2007 meeting, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (hereafter, IAASB) approved a project to consider the development of such a standard aimed at promoting trust and confidence in disclosures of GHG emissions, including disclosures required under emissions trading schemes. The authors assess the types of disclosures that can be assured, and outline the issues involved in developing an international assurance standard on GHG emissions disclosures. The discussion synthesizes the insights gained from four international roundtables on the proposed IAASB assurance standard held in Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe during 2008, and an IAASB meeting addressing this topic in December 2008.

scholarly journals Optimal Replacement, Retrofit, And Management Of A Fleet Of Assets Under Regulations Of An Emissions Trading System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Rajabian
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Parallel Replacement ◽  
Emissions Trading System

This thesis presents the development of a model for parallel replacement and improvement for a fleet of assets to minimize both the economic costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions where the emissions are limited by cap-and-trade. The firm which owns the assets has the options of using the assets, putting them in inventory, improving them, or salvaging them. Different technological types and their performances have been considered for assets. The firm has the option of purchasing new assets from varying technologies and/or improving its existing assets to a higher-performance type. Moreover, the model considers the possibility of both banking the emission allowances and trading them in the market. The model was later used with data of a fleet of excavators in Ontario, Canada. The use of this model could help emitter firms to simultaneously manage the emissions and costs of their fleet of assets in a jurisdiction regulated by cap-and-trade.

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