Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words

PET images of blood flow change that were averaged across individuals were used to identify brain areas related to lexical (single-word) processing, A small number of discrete areas were activated during several task conditions including: modality-specific (auditory or visual) areas activated by passive word input, primary motor and premotor areas during speech output, and yet further areas during tasks making semantic or intentional demands.

Download Full-text

Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing

Nature ◽

10.1038/331585a0 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 331 (6157) ◽

pp. 585-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 1655

Author(s):

S. E. Petersen ◽

P. T. Fox ◽

M. I. Posner ◽

M. Mintun ◽

M. E. Raichle

Keyword(s):

Word Processing ◽

Positron Emission Tomographic ◽

Single Word ◽

Positron Emission

Download Full-text

Elucidating Dynamic Brain Interactions with Across-Subjects Correlational Analyses of Positron Emission Tomographic Data: The Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex during Olfactory Tasks

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1097/00004647-199808000-00010 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 896-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

David H. Zald ◽

Michael J. Donndelinger ◽

José V. Pardo

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Positron Emission Tomographic ◽

Dynamic Nature ◽

Functional Brain Mapping ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Tomographic Data ◽

Task Conditions

Covariance analyses of positron emission tomography (PET) data are used increasingly to elucidate the functional connectivity between brain regions during different cognitive tasks. Functional connectivity may be estimated by examining the covariance between regions over time or across subjects. In functional brain-mapping studies, across-subjects covariance matrices derived from within-task (nonsubtracted) and between-task (subtracted) data characterize different, complementary aspects of functional interactions. The authors study amygdala-orbitofrontal interactions during three task conditions (aversive olfaction, odor detection, and resting with eyes closed) to illustrate the strengths and limitations of across-subjects covariance analyses based on subtracted and nonsubtracted data. This example underscores the dynamic nature of connectivity between the amygdalae and orbitofrontal cortices and highlights the importance of including data from resting conditions in covariance analyses.

Download Full-text

The neurobiology of language beyond single-word processing

Science ◽

10.1126/science.aax0289 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 (6461) ◽

pp. 55-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Peter Hagoort

Keyword(s):

Word Processing ◽

Language Skills ◽

Human Language ◽

Single Word ◽

Brain Areas ◽

Neurobiological Model ◽

Multiple Networks ◽

Complex Picture ◽

Sensory Cortices ◽

Multiple Network

In this Review, I propose a multiple-network view for the neurobiological basis of distinctly human language skills. A much more complex picture of interacting brain areas emerges than in the classical neurobiological model of language. This is because using language is more than single-word processing, and much goes on beyond the information given in the acoustic or orthographic tokens that enter primary sensory cortices. This requires the involvement of multiple networks with functionally nonoverlapping contributions.

Download Full-text