The Viability of Meldidogyne Incognita Eggs Released From Egg Masses of Different Ages Using Different Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite

The bio-rational insecticides Dipel 2x, BioFly, Agrin, BioGuard, Spinosad, Neemix, Mectin and Match were tested for their effect on 1st, 3rd and 5th instar larvae and egg masses (24, 48 and 72 h old) of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis under laboratory conditions. The doses used were the recommended dose, half of the recommended dose and quarter of the recommended dose. All insecticides caused higher mortality in the 1st than in the 3rd and 5th larval stage, although Match, Mectin and Spinosad at all tested concentrations showed excellent efficacy against the 3rd larval stage of S. littoralis. Also, Match resulted in 100% mortality of 5th instar larvae at all tested concentrations. Moreover, these insecticides also strongly affected some biological parameters of treated 3rd and 5th instar larvae of S. littoralis. Egg masses of different ages (24, 48 and 72 h old) where dipped into the recommended dose of each insecticide and the mortality rates determined; eggs of different ages were affected similarly, with mortality rates of 83.4, 85.0 and 71.7%, respectively, after treatment with Spinosad compared to the control. In general, eggs 48 and 72 h old were less sensitive than 24 h old ones. A latent effect of the insecticides on egg hatchability of S. littoralis was observed only in Match and Neemix, with the average being 55.0% and 51.6%, respectively. Our results suggest that Match, Mectin and Spinosad are potentially potent compounds for control of S. littoralis.

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Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080456 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 606-607

Author(s):

Russell L. Steere ◽

Eric F. Erbe

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Chromic Acid ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Thin Sheets ◽

Acid Cleaning ◽

Agar Gels ◽

Freeze Etching ◽

Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

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Freeze-Etch Crystal-Like Structures in Membranous Glomerulosclerosis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100063883 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 394-395

Author(s):

Burton B. Silver

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Donor Kidney ◽

Unknown Substance ◽

Etched Surface ◽

Standard Fixation ◽

Diseased Kidney

Tissue from a non-functional kidney affected with chronic membranous glomerulosclerosis was removed at time of trnasplantation. Recipient kidney tissue and donor kidney tissue were simultaneously fixed for electron microscopy. Primary fixation was in phosphate buffered gluteraldehyde followed by infiltration in 20 and then 40% glycerol. The tissues were frozen in liquid Freon and finally in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication of the etched surface was carried out in a Denton freeze-etch device. The etched surface was coated with platinum followed by carbon. These replicas were cleaned in a 50% solution of sodium hypochlorite and mounted on 400 mesh copper grids. They were examined in an Siemens Elmiskop IA. The pictures suggested that the diseased kidney had heavy deposits of an unknown substance which might account for its inoperative state at the time of surgery. Such deposits were not as apparent in light microscopy or in the standard fixation methods used for EM. This might have been due to some extraction process which removed such granular material in the dehydration steps.

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Isolation of Asbestos from Lung Tissue and Sputum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100054261 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 330-331

Author(s):

M. G. Williams ◽

C. Corn ◽

R. F. Dodson ◽

G. A. Hurst

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

The Past

During this century, interest in the particulate content of the organs and body fluids of those individuals affected by pneumoconiosis, cancer, or other diseases of unknown etiology developed and concern was further prompted with the increasing realization that various foreign particles were associated with or caused disease. Concurrently particularly in the past two decades, a number of methods were devised for isolating particulates from tissue. These methods were recently reviewed by Vallyathan et al. who concluded sodium hypochlorite digestion was both simple and superior to other digestion procedures.

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