LE CONTRAT D'AFFRÈTEMENT MARITIME EN MÉDITERRANÉE: DROIT MARITIME ET PRATIQUE COMMERCIALE ENTRE ISLAM ET CHRÉTIENTÉ (XVIIe-XVIIIe SIÈCLES)

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Panzac

AbstractFrom the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, the domestic Ottoman seaborne trade was largely ensured by European merchantmen chartered by Muslims traders. This practice suggests that the written contracts, signed by both partners, were consistent with the islamic law. This study will analyse these contracts and confront them with the principles and rules of the Islamic maritime law, elaborated since the upper Middle Ages, in order to evaluate the influence of the Islamic law upon the Christian maritime law which made it acceptable by Muslims. De la fin du XVIIe au début du XIXe siècle, le commerce maritime à l'intérieur de l'Empire ottoman a principalement été assuré par des navires européens affrétés par des négociants musulmans. Cette pratique suggère que les contrats écrits, signés par les deux parties, étaient compatibles avec le droit musulman. Cette étude se propose d'analyser ces contrats et de les comparer avec les principes et les règles du droit maritime musulman, élaboré depuis le haut Moyen-Age. L'importance de son influence sur le droit maritime chrétien explique pourquoi celui-ci est devenu acceptable par des musulmans.

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Anna Kaczmarek-Wiśniewska

Therese Raquin, Zola’s first important work, is based on the modern version of the old physiological theory of “temperaments”, e.g. the combination of four cardinal “humours” that determine a man’s physical and mental constitution. Through the story of two murderers, an adulterous woman and her lover who kill the woman’s husband, the author shows the mutual influence of two temperaments considered in the 19th century as more important than all the others: sanguine and melancholic (or nervous). The novel intends to “verify” a theory dealing with the consequences of each type of temperament for people’s behaviour, their relationships and their internal life.


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