Status «ecological» obligations of a flag state as an integral part of the «genuine link» conception

The modern legal regime of a flag State’s status “ecological” obligations is composed by a legislation (laws and regulations) of two levels: international and national. The legislation of both the levels is consistent with the generally accepted international rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures, the “UNCLOS’82”, the rights of States and prescribes, inter alia, measures to be taken for the protection and preservation of the marine environment pollution – measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment – the States’ “ecological” obligations. It is generally accepted in international maritime law to dived abovementioned obligations in: status “ecological” obligations of the “shore States”, status “ecological” obligations of the “port States” and status “ecological” obligations of the “flag States”. The research topic is certainly relevant given the almost catastrophic situation due to pollution of the world's oceans and the environment in general. The research methodology includes methods of analysis and synthesis, dogmatic method and comparative law method. This research focuses on the definition of the modern international legal regime of a flag State’s status “ecological” obligations. These obligations form a flag State’s legal status and could be qualified as an integral part of the “genuine link” conception. The author of the article concluded that the current conventions in the field of maritime law aimed at protecting the world's oceans play an important role, but no less important tasks are to improve national legislation of coastal countries, as well as proper implementation of both international and national norms aimed at the protection and restoration of the world's oceans.

Tumpang Tindih Penegakan Hukum di Laut Indonesia

AbstrakIndonesia sebagai poros maritim dunia memiliki laut sebagai penghubung antar wilayah dan batas dari teritorial negara. Pentingnya fungsi laut menimbulkan perlunya penegakan hukum di laut yang baik untuk mempertahankannya. Namun, penegakan hukum di laut dalam yuridiksi nasional Indonesia belum tertata dengan baik. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari posisi kewenangan dalam pengaturan terkait keamanan kemaritiman nasional yang saling tumpang tindih antar lembaga seperti Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), Badan Keamanan Laut (Bakamla), dan Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai (KPLP). Tulisan ini akan menganalisis lembaga negara yang menjadi coast guard di Indonesia. Selain itu mengenai permasalahan penegakan hukum di laut tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik yang disebabkan oleh ketidakharmonisan antar peraturan perundang-undangan. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang. Dari penulisan ini akan diperoleh hasil mengenai analisis harmonisasi penegakan hukum dan faktor yang menjadi kendala dalam penegakan hukum keamanan laut di Indonesia. Kata Kunci : TNI-AL, Bakamla, KPLP, Tumpang Tindih, Coast GuardAbstractIndonesia as the world's maritime axis has the sea as a liaison between regions and borders of the country's territory. The importance of the function of the sea raises the need for good maritime law enforcement to maintain it. However, maritime law enforcement in Indonesia's national jurisdiction has not been well organized. This can be seen from the position of authority in regulations related to national maritime security that overlaps between institutions such as the Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL), the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla), and the Marine and Coast Guard Unit (KPLP). This paper will analyze the state institutions that serve as coast guards in Indonesia. In addition, the issue of maritime law enforcement cannot be implemented properly due to the disharmony of laws and regulations. This writing uses a normative juridical method that uses a law approach. From this paper, the results will be obtained regarding the analysis of harmonization of law enforcement and the factors that become obstacles in the enforcement of maritime security law in Indonesia.Keywords: TNI-AL, Bakamla, KPLP, Overlapping, Coast Guard

Distributed coverage optimisation for a fleet of unmanned maritime systems

<p>Unmanned maritime systems (UMS) can provide important benefits for maritime law enforcement agencies for tasks such as area surveillance and patrolling, especially when they are able to work together as one coordinated system. In this context, this paper proposes a methodology that optimises the coverage of a fleet of UMS, thereby maximising the opportunities for identifying threats. Unlike traditional approaches to maritime coverage optimisation, which are also used, for example, in search and rescue operations when searching for victims at sea, this approach takes into consideration the limited seaworthiness of small UMS, compared with traditional large ships, by incorporating the danger level into the design of the optimiser.</p>

Keberlakuan Pengaturan Landas Kontinen Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia dan United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)

Indonesia has taken steps to adjust its laws and regulations regarding maritime law with UNCLOS 1982, with the establishment of Law Number 6 of 1996 On Indonesian Waters however, this step not yet followed by adjustments to the laws regarding continental shelf, namely Law Number. 1 of 1973 On Indonesian Continental Shelf. The purpose of this research is to analize the differences in the substance of the arrangements for continental shelf in UNCLOS 1982 and Law Number 1 of 1973 On Indonesia Continental Shelf to find out the effectiveness of Indonesia's international treaties with other countries regarding the continental shelf using the Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach. Indonesia must make adjustments to national legislation regarding continental shelf with UNCLOS 1982 because of Indonesian legislation regarding continental shelf still refers to United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958.Keywords: Continental Shelf; Natural Resources;UNCLOS 1982.AbstrakIndonesia telah mengambil langkah untuk menyesuaikan peraturan perundang-undangannya mengenai hukum laut dengan UNCLOS 1982, yaitu disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 Tentang Perairan Indonesia namun langkah tersebut belum diikuti dengan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai landas kontinen yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan substansi pengaturan tentang landas kontinen di dalam UNCLOS 1982 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia sebagai sumber hukum mengenai landas kontinen di Indonesia, serta untuk mengetahui keberlakuan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional Indonesia dengan negara lain mengenai landas kontinen dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (Statute Approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (Conceptual Approach). Indonesia harus melakukan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan nasional tentang landas kontinen dengan UNCLOS 1982 karena peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia tentang landas kontinen masih mengacu kepada United Nations on the Continental Shelf 1958.Kata Kunci: Landas Kontinen; Sumberdaya Alam; UNCLOS 1982.

Advanced Introduction to Maritime Law

Written by leading scholar Paul Todd, this Advanced Introduction draws on the author’s decades of experience researching and teaching maritime law, offering a clear and concise introduction to the core areas of the field. In addition to providing a primer on the substance, it explains the worldwide applications of English law, and surveys the sources of law and how to locate them. It also highlights some of the difficulties in interpreting the law and pinpoints which individuals have been instrumental in doing so, and in making and developing the law.

LEGAL GENESIS OF THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEA

The article examines the content of freedom of the high seas at the present stage of development, the role of the Conventions Maritime Law in the formation and formation of freedom of the high seas as an institution of international maritime law and analysis of the results of the Conventions. The author considers the legal genesis of the concept of freedom of the high seas and current trends in the transformation of freedom of the high seas in modern international maritime law. The principle of freedom of the high seas expresses the objective need of States and peoples for the free use of maritime space for international economic, political and cultural ties, as well as for the use of living ocean resources. An important transformation of international cooperation and legislation is also related to the principle of exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. All four conventions have been widely recognized by the member states and are considered to be the most important stage in the codification of international maritime law and its further progressive development. The adoption of the four conventions meant that the unity of the law of the sea was lost, but there may be advantages: for example, the adoption of conventions and a single protocol, instead of a single legal act, tried to involve more states in at least some of the conventions. The creation of marine protected areas in the open waters of the world’s oceans outside national jurisdiction has no legal basis. The 1982 Convention does not give states the right to extend their jurisdiction to certain parts regardless of the objectives pursued, so the creation of marine protected areas on the high seas is impossible within the existing international legal framework.