Behavioural cues in sex recognition by two species of nocturnal lizards: Eublepharis macularius and Paroedura pictus

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Brillet
Keyword(s):  
Visual Signals ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Stimulus Animal ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Sex Recognition ◽  
Eublepharis Macularius ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Main Factors

AbstractAlthough several senses are used in agonistic and sexual behaviours by Eublepharis macularius and Paroedura pictus, different cues do not have the same relative value for males of the two species. Behavioural patterns observed in the presence of anesthetized conspecifics of both sexes differed considerably. The agonistic and sexual behaviours of E. macularius underwent progressive changes in reaction time and the frequency and duration of other behaviours. Aggressive behaviour eventually almost completely disappeared in P. pictus and was replaced by sexual behaviour, whatever the sex of the stimulus-animal ; the lizards then appeared to be incapable of distinguishing males from females. Agonistic behaviour of both species was sensitive to the immobility of the conspecific, although to different degrees. These data concur with observations carried out under more natural conditions; sex recognition criteria differ between the species. E. macularius relies primarily on chemical signals for sex recognition and sex-related behaviours. In P. pictus, which depends primarily on visual signals, conspecific posture and behaviour are the main factors responsible for both sexual and agonistic reactions.

Incubation of eggs of three species of Chelid tortoises, and notes on their embryological development

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Goode ◽  
J Russell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Chelodina Longicollis

Incubation periods and nest contents of three species of chelid tortoises in northern Victoria were recorded. Mean incubation period for eggs of Emydura macquari (Cuvier) was 75 days and average number of eggs per nest was 15.7; for Chelodina longicollis (Shaw), 138 days and 10.7 eggs per nest; for Chelodina expansa Gray, normally exceeding 324 days and 15.4 eggs per nest. In abnormal seasons C. expansa hatchlings may emerge from the nest in less than 193 days or more than 522 days after eggs were deposited. Eggs artificially incubated at 30�C consistently develop more quickly than those at lower temperatures under natural conditions. In the field nest temperatures closely approximate the mean daily air temperature. Embryos of C. expansa are tolerant to nest temperatures ranging from 4.9�C minimum to 29.6�C maximum. The other species are subject to variations of about 15 degC with up to 8.5 degC variation being recorded in 1 day. Development of early embryos approximated that recorded for cryptodire tortoises. However, there are large individual differences in the period of incubation needed for specific stages to be reached, especially between embryos of the short-necked and long-necked species of these pleurodire tortoises. It is suggested that differences in the anatomy of their eggs are the main factors in the different incubation periods between short-necked and long-necked species.

Kinetic serum creatinine assays I. The role of various factors in determining specificity.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-554
Author(s):  
L D Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Kinetic Methods ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Measuring Techniques ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Analytical Reagent ◽  
Kinetic Methods Of Analysis

Abstract We studied the specificity of kinetic methods of analysis, with emphasis on creatinine determination. The error contributed by an interferent that reacts with the analytical reagent and absorbs at the wavelength of analysis is shown to be related to the ratio of the equilibrium absorbances of the analyte and interferent, the ratio of the rate constants, the extent of the analytical reaction, and the duration of the measurement. To assess the potential diminution of the interference with kinetic methods, we determined the rate constants of several alpha-keto acids in the Jaffé reaction. Evaluation of the advantages of various measuring techniques with respect to specificity showed the main factors to be the extent of the analytical reaction and the relative value of the rate constants. Total specificity for creatine appears to be unattainable with currently used kinetic techniques.

scholarly journals Sex recognition in surface and cave dwelling male Atlantic mollies Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae, Teleostei)

Behaviour ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Schlupp ◽  
Martin Plath ◽  
Jakob Parzefall ◽  
Karsten Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Sex Recognition ◽  
Stimulus Fish ◽  
Infrared Observations ◽  
Poecilia Mexicana ◽  
Male Stimulus ◽  
Livebearing Fish

AbstractAnimals colonizing lightless subterranean habitats can no longer rely on visual signals to find mating partners. In the present study, we investigated the ability of males to recognize females in two surface and a cave dwelling population of a livebearing fish, Poecilia mexicana. In surface populations males discriminated between sexes with visual plus non-visual cues available and with visual stimuli only. In the cave form the ability to discriminate with solely visual stimuli is lacking. In all three populations, males did not recognize females in darkness (infrared observations), suggesting that sex recognition via far-field communication is lacking in surface and cave dwelling P.mexicana. Different preferences in large and small males to stay near a female or a male stimulus fish probably reflect differences concerning a trade-off between sexual and aggressive behaviour.

Visual signals in the spawning behaviour of rainbow trout

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1751-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Newcombe ◽  
G. F. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Sex Recognition ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spawning Behaviour ◽  
Sexually Mature

Aspects of the behaviour of sexually mature rainbow trout, when mimicked by fishlike wooden models on spawning beds, induced displays of reproductive behaviour in males of the species. The total amount of male reproductive behaviour, and the amounts of posturing, gaping, and spawning elicited in tests were significantly correlated with the rank of tests arranged in descending order of priority, from those that most accurately depict the reproductive behaviour of a female rainbow trout to those that least accurately depict it (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for total amount of male behaviour is ρ = −0.867, P < 0.01, N = 12. For posturing, gaping, and spawning, ρ = −0.7143, −0.9524, and −0.8690, respectively, P < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01, N = 8). Sex recognition is governed largely by the distance of the model above the gravel. Males courted static models stationed 0 and 5 cm above the gravel, attacked a fusiform model stationed 10 cm above a flat gravel bottom, and attacked and courted the same model stationed 10 cm above a nest. Signals that induced posturing included the model's proximity to the gravel, and the action of a puppet, which was capable of movement, settling down into the nest, or onto the gravel. The puppet's action of rising up off the gravel terminated posturing.

Development of sexual and socio-sexual behaviours in free-ranging juvenile male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noëlle Gunst ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Leca ◽  
Paul L. Vasey
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Free Ranging

The emergence of conceptive and non-conceptive sexual behaviours in mature individuals can be traced back to immature socio-sexual behavioural patterns. We tested the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ in the development of sexual behaviours in the immature male Japanese macaques of Arashiyama, Japan. This hypothesis holds that juvenility serves to provide young individuals with a period in which to practice adult male-like sexual and socio-sexual behaviours and partner choice. Our cross-sectional focal data on mounting behaviour and partner choice in juvenile males (1–3 years) supported most of our predictions: (1) as they became older and learnt more effective patterns of sexual solicitations, juvenile males performed more demonstrative solicitations and less non-demonstrative solicitations, (2) the frequency of mounts performed by juvenile males increased with age and converged on a frequency of mounts typical of adult males, (3) the frequency of mounts reflecting underachievement (i.e., improperly oriented mounts and single/no foot-clasp mounts) decreased as juvenile males became older, (4) the double foot-clasp mounting posture became gradually more common in juvenile males over time, while other mounting postures became less common and (5) from two to three years old, the frequency of males’ sexual mounts directed to adult females increased. Such timelines of gradual increase in the frequency of effective adult-like behavioural patterns and gradual decrease in the frequency of less effective immature behavioural patterns are consistent with the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ emphasizing the role of age and practice in the progressive acquisition of adult-like sexual behaviour, mounting skills, and partner age choice during male juvenility.

Sex recognition and agonistic strategies of male and female crayfish

Behaviour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-596
Author(s):  
Taiga Oyama ◽  
Yuto Momohara ◽  
Hirona Yano ◽  
Michiya Kamio ◽  
Naoyuki Fujiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Sex Recognition ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intraspecific Communication ◽  
Agonistic Encounters

Abstract Intraspecific communication is essential for agonistic and mating behaviours. Agonistic strategy of males must change according to the sex of opponents and that of females is also dependent on their physiological state as to whether they are brooding or not. We have analysed here the agonistic encounters between pairs of male and female crayfish in various combinations to reveal the interaction between agonistic and mating behaviours. After male crayfish became dominant, they aggressively chased subordinate males with attacks, while they did not attack female opponents. Furthermore, the agonistic behaviour of males changed depending on whether females were ovigerous or not. On the other hand, two females showed intense combats despite being ovigerous or not. Crayfish discriminated the sex of opponents via chemical signals in the urine. However, the dominant and subordinate social order of crayfish had no effect on selecting mating partners.

The PFC2DSimulation of the Slope Stability

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Lv ◽  
Bin Sheng Wang ◽  
Xiao Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Particle Flow ◽  
Sliding Surface ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Landslide Prediction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Landslide Stability ◽  
Main Factors

The main factors affecting landslide instability are landslides lithologic ,geological structure, topography, climate, hydrological conditions, earthquakes ,human and so on .The risk assessment of landslide is an effective method for analysis landslide stability ,but there has been little research for prediction of landslide in China .In this paper, particle flow procedures is used to analyze the landslide stability under natural conditions and forecast a possible landslide sliding surface ,and a scientific method will be provided for landslide prediction.

scholarly journals Checklist and red list of hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) and liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of Slovakia

Biologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Mišíková ◽  
Katarína Godovičová ◽  
Pavel Širka ◽  
Rudolf Šoltés
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Red List ◽  
Traffic Pollution ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Changes ◽  
Main Factors

AbstractThe presented checklist and red list include 231 liverwort (Marchantiophyta) and two hornwort species (Anthocerotophyta). Overall, 22.9% of liverworts are evaluated as threatened (CR – 4.3%, EN – 7.8%, VU – 10.8%), while 17 of species (7.4%) are categorized as NT, 11.6% as DD and 3.0% as RE. A total of 128 species (55.4% of the liverwort flora of Slovakia) were assessed as LC. For the liverwort Lunularia cruciata the criteria were not applicable (NA), since this species is not native to Slovakia. Currently, only two hornworts are known in Slovakia, of which Anthoceros agrestis is assessed as LC and Phaeoceros carolinianus as NT. The main factors of the liverwort and hornwort endangerment and retreat are anthropogenic changes in natural conditions and degradation of the ecosystems caused by agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, climatic changes, industry, and traffic pollution.

scholarly journals Benteng Kolonial Eropa di Pulau Makian dan Pulau Moti: Kajian atas Pola Sebaran Benteng di Wilayah Maluku Utara

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor

In the early period of the spice trade, Makian Island Moti Island are the main source in the production of cloves. This condition is the main factor that attaracted tthe presence of Europeans that its influences still  can be traced recently. Evidence of the presence of European nations can be seen from the distribution of the fort in the island Makian and Moti Island. This research is intended to uncover the factors that underlie the formation of a network of fortifications in the two islands. Using the method of interpretation of the distribution pattern of the castle and the relationship between regions, this paper uncovered that the main factors the formation of a network of fortifications in the region is the natural conditions or geographical factors, so that consideration of the establishment of each fort associated with the monitoring of safety conditions, supervision of the marketing of cloves, as well as efforts to maintain the existence of a colonial power in the region.Pada periode awal perdagangan rempah-rempah, Pulau Makian dan Pulau Moti adalah sumber utama produksi cengkih. Hal inilah kemudian menjadi daya tarik kehadiran bangsa Eropa yang hingga saat ini masih dapat disaksikan jejak pengaruhnya. Bukti-bukti kehadiran bangsa Eropa tersebut dapat dilihat dari sebaran benteng yang ada di Pulau Makian dan Pulau Moti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap faktor-faktor yang melatari terbentuknya jaringan perbentengan yang ada di kedua pulau tersebut. Melalui metode penafsiran terhadap pola sebaran benteng dan hubungan antar wilayah, tulisan ini berhasil mengungkap bahwa faktor utama terbentuknya jaringan perbentengan di wilayah ini adalah kondisi alam atau faktor geografis, sehingga pertimbangan atas pendirian setiap benteng berkaitan dengan pengawasan terhadap kondisi keamanan, pengawasan terhadap tata niaga cengkih, serta upaya untuk mempertahankan eksistensi kekuasan kolonial di wilayah ini.

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