Feeding behaviour of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar L. Bilgrami ◽  
Randy Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Rice Root Nematode

Abstract Feeding activities of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major were studied under laboratory conditions in relation to temperature (5–40°C), prey density (25–250 individuals), predator starvation (0–12 days) and prey incubation (4–24 h) using the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, as prey. Prey search duration, rate of predation, and the number and duration of predators feeding and aggregating at feeding sites were studied. Discolaimus major killed more prey, and fed and aggregated longer than L. baldus. Predator activities at the feeding site were optimal at 30°C. Predators starved for 6 days required the briefest prey search duration, and remained aggregated at the feeding site for a longer duration. Predators were increasingly efficient at search prey as prey density increased. Prey search and feeding durations were shortest when prey nematodes were incubated between 8–16 h. Predation rate was optimal when prey were incubated for 16 h. Prey search and killing abilities of L. baldus and D. major were governed by temperature, prey density, starvation and prey incubation, and depended upon feeding duration, number of predators feeding and aggregating at the feeding sites.

Foraging by red bats (Lasiurus borealis): do intraspecific chases mean territoriality?

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2477-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. C. Hickey ◽  
M. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Territorial Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Lasiurus Borealis ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Prey Individual

Thirteen individually marked Lasiurus borealis concentrated their foraging around lights where insect densities were higher than in surrounding dark areas. The marked bats foraged for an average of 113.1 min per night, attacked an insect every 30 s, and captured, on average, 40% of the insects they attacked. This translated to a nightly food consumption of 6.2 g of insects, or 42% of the bats' body mass. The bats selected large (body length >10 mm) moths significantly more often than predicted by their availability, but the foraging activity of the bats did not significantly deplete the patches of prey. Individual L. borealis preferred certain lights within the feeding site and intraspecific chases were common, but there was no significant relationship between prey density and the incidence of chases, and the chases did not result in individuals being excluded from the feeding areas. Our data support the hypothesis that individual L. borealis eavesdrop on the echolocation calls of conspecifics to identify the presence of prey and that conspecific chases at feeding sites are not evidence of territorial behaviour.

scholarly journals Common resistance mechanisms are deployed by plants against sap-feeding herbivorous insects: insights from a meta-analysis and systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Leybourne ◽  
Gudbjorg I Aradottir
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Plant Families

Sap-feeding insects cause significant yield losses to the worlds crops, these insects feed using syringe-like mouthparts and electrophysiology can be used to compare feeding behaviour on susceptible and resistant plants to identify the mechanistic processes behind resistant phenotypes. Data extracted from 129 studies, comprising 41 insect species across eight insect taxa and 12 host-plant families representing over 30 species, demonstrates that mechanisms deployed by resistant plants have common consequences on the feeding behaviour of diverse insect groups. We show that insects feeding on resistant plants take longer to establish a feeding site and have their feeding duration suppressed two-fold compared with insects feeding on susceptible plants. Our results reveal that the underlying traits contributing towards resistant phenotypes are conserved across plant families, deployed against taxonomically diverse insect groups, and that the underlying resistance mechanisms are conserved. These findings provide new insight that will be beneficial when developing future crop varieties.

The feeding behaviour of Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Byrne ◽  
A. R. Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Particle Capture ◽  
Particle Collection ◽  
Slack Water ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Characteristic Behaviour

The feeding behaviour of the comatulid crinoid Florometra serratissima (A. H. Clark) was studied at two sites around Vancouver Island. It appears to inhabit areas where currents are slight. The arms are held in a cone posture during slack water but in mild currents they orient to form a partial arm fan.Tube foot behaviour was observed in situ and in aquaria. The podia arise in groups of three, each podium of the triplet exhibiting a characteristic behaviour related to its role in feeding. The primary podia are typically held extended; they initiate the mechanism of particle capture, secrete mucous threads, and are sensory. The secondary podia, attached to the lappet for much of their length, scoop to collect particles and perhaps mucous threads. The tertiary podia manipulate material in the food grooves. Lappet action appears to aid particle collection through scraping along the primary podia.These feeding activities are compared with those reported for Antedon bifida (Pennant) and other crinoids.

Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Hayes ◽  
A M Baer ◽  
U Wotschikowsky ◽  
A S Harestad
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Prey Selection ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Wolf Predation ◽  
Kill Rate

We studied the kill rate by wolves (Canis lupus) after a large-scale wolf removal when populations of wolves, moose (Alces alces), and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were all increasing. We followed a total of 21 wolf packs for 4 winters, measuring prey selection, kill rates, and ecological factors that could influence killing behavior. Wolf predation was found to be mainly additive on both moose and caribou populations. Kill rates by individual wolves were inversely related to pack size and unrelated to prey density or snow depth. Scavenging by ravens decreased the amount of prey biomass available for wolves to consume, especially for wolves in smaller packs. The kill rate by wolves on moose calves was not related to the number of calves available each winter. Wolves did not show a strong switching response away from moose as the ratio of caribou to moose increased in winter. The predation rate by wolves on moose was best modeled by the number and size of packs wolves were organized into each winter.

scholarly journals Ecological and Behavioral Drivers of Supplemental Feeding Use by Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus in a Peri-Urban Context

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2088
Author(s):  
Federico Ossi ◽  
Nathan Ranc ◽  
Paul Moorcroft ◽  
Priscilla Bonanni ◽  
Francesca Cagnacci
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Use Of Resources

Winter supplemental feeding of ungulates potentially alters their use of resources and ecological interactions, yet relatively little is known about the patterns of feeding sites use by target populations. We used camera traps to continuously monitor winter and spring feeding site use in a roe deer population living in a peri-urban area in Northern Italy. We combined circular statistics with generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyze the diel and seasonal pattern of roe deer visits to feeding sites, and the behavioral drivers influencing visit duration. Roe deer visits peaked at dawn and dusk, and decreased from winter to spring when vegetation regrows and temperature increases. Roe deer mostly visited feeding sites solitarily; when this was not the case, they stayed longer at the site, especially when conspecifics were eating, but maintained a bimodal diel pattern of visits. These results support an opportunistic use of feeding sites, following seasonal cycles and the roe deer circadian clock. Yet, the attractiveness of these artificial resources has the potential to alter intra-specific relationships, as competition for their use induces gatherings and may extend the contact time between individuals, with potential behavioral and epidemiological consequences.

Feeding-Site Selection and Foraging Strategies of American Woodcock

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale L. Rabe ◽  
Harold H. Prince ◽  
Donald L. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
American Woodcock ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Scolopax Minor ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Feeding Site Selection

Abstract Live-trapped, adult American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) were tested in a series of laboratory experiments designed to evaluate the role of soil as a proximal cue for selecting feeding sites and to investigate foraging strategies for capturing earthworms (Lumbricidae). Foraging trials were conducted in a circular arena and showed that color, which tends to be correlated with the soil types and moisture regimes preferred by earthworms, was an important proximal cue for selecting feeding sites. Woodcock captured earthworms most efficiently in areas of relatively high prey density, because they used a nonrandom search pattern following an initial capture.

The reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus macrosoma, infecting olive in southern Spain

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Castillo ◽  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Alberto Troccoli
Keyword(s):  
Southern Spain ◽  
Reniform Nematode ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Soil Infestation ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Pericycle Cells

Abstract Severe root infection of wild olive (Olea europea L. ssp. sylvestris), together with heavy soil infestation by the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus macrosoma, was detected in a natural wild olive orchard on sandy soil in Cádiz province, Andalucía, southern Spain. Most, but not all, of the morphometric characters of this population agreed with those reported for immature and adult females and males in previously studied populations. Sedentary immature and mature females showed a semi-endoparasitic feeding habit in wild and cultivated olives (cvs Arbequina and Picual). Naturally infected roots of wild olive responded to nematode infection identically to artificially infected olive planting stocks. The feeding site induced by R. macrosoma on olive roots consists of a stelar syncytium, which originates from an endodermal cell enlarging by a curved sheet of pericycle cells formed by hypertrophy of pericycle cells adjacent to the feeding cell. There were obvious anatomical differences between the feeding sites induced by R. macrosoma and R. macrodoratus on olive roots.

scholarly journals Functional and Numerical Responses of Scymnus Syriacus Marseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory Conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Sabaghi ◽  
Ahad Sahragard ◽  
Reza Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Black Bean ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response ◽  
Black Bean Aphid

Functional and Numerical Responses ofScymnus SyriacusMarseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid,Aphis FabaeScopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory ConditionsFunctional and numerical responses are basic to any investigation of predator-prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. In this study, functional and numerical responses of the female and male ladybeetles,Scymnus syriacusMarseul to different densities of third instar nymphs ofAphis fabae(i.e.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80) as prey, were studied in a growth chamber (25°C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L : 8D h) on the broad bean,Vicia fabaeLinn. Using the logistic regression, a type II functional response for both female and male ladybeetles was determined. Using Nonlinear least-square regression, the searching efficiency (a') and handling times (Th) of the female and male adults were estimated as 0.123±0.006 h, 0.434±0.012 h and 0.115±0.008 h, 0.514±0.016, respectively. The Rogers model was used to estimate the maximum theoretical predations (T/Th) for female and male, which were 55.18 and 46.64, respectively. These results indicated a higher efficiency in female ladybeetles. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvlinearly with increasing prey density. The reproductive response trend was similar to the shape of the type II functional response. This similarity means both responses are interlinked and function simultaneously. The efficiency of the ingested food conversion (ECI) of the females decreased with prey density, as females laid 25±0.65 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 3±0.44 eggs at lowest prey density (5).

scholarly journals Effect of terrain heterogeneity on feeding site selection and livestock movement patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek W. Bailey ◽  
Mitchell B. Stephenson ◽  
Marco Pittarello
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Gps Collars ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Tracking Period ◽  
Feeding Site Selection

Feeding site selection is a critical part of livestock foraging that can constrain and/or increase the choices available during diet selection. When livestock choose new feeding sites, vegetation and nutrient profiles can differ from other areas, especially in heterogeneous environments with rugged terrain. Correspondingly, livestock should remain longer in feeding sites in rugged heterogeneous pastures than in homogeneous pastures where animals may alternate among feeding sites to facilitate diet mixing and to prevent satiation. The objective of this study was evaluate how terrain and corresponding heterogeneity may affect the sequence and pattern of feeding site selection of free-roaming livestock. Grazing patterns of mature cows were evaluated on six ranches located in Arizona, Montana and New Mexico. In total, 11–19 cows were tracked for 1–3-month periods at each ranch by using global positioning system (GPS) collars. Positions were recorded at 10- or 15-min intervals and used to identify where cows grazed during the early morning (0500 hours to 1000 hours). Pastures (336–9740 ha) at each ranch were divided into seven to nine sections (48–1082 ha) as an indicator of feeding sites. Classification was based on cattle density and topographical and vegetation types. Sequences of daily section selection were evaluated using transition matrixes. For all ranches, the sequence of section selection differed from what would be expected by chance, indicating that the section selected on the following day depended on the section selected on the previous day. For ranches with relatively gentle terrain, cattle selected different feeding sites ~70% of the tracking period. In contrast, cows at the ranch with the largest pasture and enclosing both mountainous and gentle terrain stayed in the same feeding site for over 10 successive days for 42% of the tracking period. Smaller pastures with only mountainous terrain were intermediate. Cows grazing gentle topography and relatively homogeneous vegetation alternated among feeding sites (sections in the present study) more frequently than cows grazing pastures with more rugged topography and more heterogeneous vegetation. This pattern could help livestock mix forages and select a more diverse diet.

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