A phylogenetic analysis of the New World tribe Phanaeini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): Hypotheses on relationships and origins

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
T. Keith Philips ◽  
Clarke Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
The Common

AbstractA phylogenetic analysis of Phanaeini based on 137 morphological characters supports the hypothesis that the nine included genera, Coprophanaeus, Dendropaemon, Diabroctis, Homalotarsus, Megatharsis, Oxysternon, Phanaeus, Sulcophanaeus and Tetrameira, form a monophyletic clade. Monophyly is unaffected by the inclusion of Gromphas, Oruscatus, and Bolbites and these should also be considered phanaeines. The sister lineage is Ennearabdus (Eucraniini) and both evolved from ancestral Dichotomiini within South America. There is no support for a close relationship with the Onitini or any other remaining tribe. All phanaeine genera appear to be monophyletic except Sulcophanaeus, of which two species groups appear as sister taxa while the remaining three form an independent paraphyletic clade. Ancestral phanaeines were coprophagous with necrophagy evolving at least twice. Myrmecophily is also derived and most likely evolved only once in the common ancestor of Dendropaemon, Homalotarsus, Megatharsis and Tetramereia. Bare dung ball construction for larval development is also the most likely ancestral condition with a soil covering on the exterior ball surface and parental cooperation evolving in the more derived lineages.

scholarly journals Review of the Species of New World Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 129-175
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Dietrich ◽  
Dmitry A. Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Branch Support ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The 35 previously described species (including 4 junior synonyms) of the New World erythroneurine leafhopper genus Zyginama are reviewed and descriptions are provided for 43 new species, 2 from U.S.A., 26 from Mexico, 1 from Panama, and 14 from the Amazon region of South America. The following new synonyms are recognized: Z. aucta (McAtee) equals Erythroneura bilocularis Van Duzee, syn. n., and E. inclita Beamer, syn. n.; Z. nicholi (Beamer) equals E. canyonensis Beamer, syn. n., and E. ales Beamer, syn. n. Separate keys are provided for identification of males from North and South America, all known species are illustrated, and data on their distributions are summarized. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 morphological characters of the 71 species for which males are known yielded a reasonably well resolved estimate of relationships among the included species, but branch support was low overall.

scholarly journals Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of the treehopper tribe Smiliini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Smiliinae), with reinstatement of the tribe Telamonini

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3047 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW S. WALLACE
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
The Common ◽  
Morphological Differences

Members of the Smiliini, the nominotypical tribe of the large New World subfamily Smiliinae, are predominately Nearctic in distribution. This tribe included 169 mostly tree-feeding species in 23 genera. A parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of an original dataset comprising 89 traditional and newly discovered morphological characters for 69 species, including representatives of 22 of the 23 described genera of Smiliini and five other previously recognized tribes of the subfamily, resulted in a single most parsimonious tree with three major clades. The broad recent concept of Smiliini (including Telamonini as a junior synonym) was not recovered as monophyletic by the analysis. Instead, the analysis supported narrower definitions of both Telamonini, here reinstated from synonymy, and Smiliini. A key and diagnoses are given to define these tribes, along with discussions of their phylogeny, biogeography, and host plant associations. The genera Antianthe Fowler, Hemicardiacus Plummer, Smilirhexia McKamey, and Tropidarnis Fowler are placed as Smiliinae, incertae sedis. Based on the phylogeny, several genera from both tribes including Atymna Stål, Cyrtolobus Goding, Heliria Stål, and Telamona Fitch are not monophyletic. Diagnostic characters emphasizing the morphological differences between the Smiliini and Telamonini include the dorsal margin of the head, the shape of the pronotum, the size of the pronotal humeral angles, the presence or absence of pronotal longitudinal rugae, the size of forewing cells, variations in the fusion of veins R and M apically in both the foreand hind wing, and the shape of the apex of the female second valvulae. Mapping geographic distribution onto the phylogeny suggests that the common ancestor of the ingroup (all three clades) occurred in Central America and Mexico, with multiple dispersals to temperate North America. Many Smiliini and Telamonini feed on various species of oak (Quercus) and the close evolutionary association between these insects and their hosts is discussed.

Character evolution and the origin of Caimaninae (Crocodylia) in the New World Tropics: new evidence from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander K. Hastings ◽  
Moritz Reisser ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
North And South America ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
North And South

AbstractAlligators and caimans share a close relationship, supported by both molecular and morphological characters. The divergence between alligators and caimans has been difficult to discern in the fossil record. Two basal taxa have recently been described from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela but have not yet been presented in a joint phylogeny. Continued preparation of the type material of the Venezuelan Globidentosuchus brachyrostris Scheyer et al., 2013 has revealed new characters for scoring in a cladistic framework. In addition, the first lower jaw of the Panamanian Centenariosuchus gilmorei Hastings et al., 2013 is described herein, and additional characters were scored. In total, we conducted five cladistic analyses to better understand the character evolution involved in the establishment of Caimaninae. In each case, Globidentosuchus appears as the basal-most of the caimanine lineage, followed by Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus Hastings et al., 2013 from Panama. Stepwise character additions of synapomorphies define progressively more derived caimanines, but stratigraphic context creates ghost lineages extending from the Miocene to Paleocene. The persistence of two basal taxa into the Miocene of northern South America and Central America supports the concept of a relict basal population in this region. This further supports biogeographic hypotheses of dispersals in both directions between North and South America prior to full land connection.

Electroborus brighti: the first Hylesinini bark beetle described from Dominican amber (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony I. Cognato
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
New World ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
Dominican Amber

AbstractElectroborus brighti, new genus, new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is described based on two specimens from Dominican amber, which represents the first Hylesinini found in Dominican amber. A phylogenetic analysis of 24 Hylesinini species and a Strombophorus Hagedorn species based on morphological characters suggests E. brighti is not related to the Neotropical genus Phloeoborus Erichson, but shares a close affinity to African Hylesinini genera. The discovery of this new genus adds to the evidence that tropical South America and Africa shared similar faunas throughout evolutionary history. Although many Old World taxa have become extinct in the New World, the existence of E. brighti among Recent faunas is a possibility, given that the South American and African scolytine faunas are relatively poorly studied.

scholarly journals A new genus of Oniscidea from South America and a phylogenetic analysis of related genera (Crustacea: Isopoda: Philosciidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Leistikow
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Type Material ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
Close Relationship

In a collection of terrestrial isopods from Venezuela, a distinct species was identified which does not fit any of the known genera. Therefore, a new taxon Metaprosekia gen.n. is instituted to accomodate the new species. An analysis of its morphological characters revealed a close relationship to the genus Prosekia Vandel, 1968 and allied genera. The phylogeny of this group is discussed and one of its poorly known representatives, Xiphoniscus mirabilis Vandel, 1968 is redescribed on the basis of the type material.

Systematics and biogeography of Salina MacGillivray (Collembola: Entomobryoidea), with emphasis on the species groups in the New World

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-138
Author(s):  
Fábio G.L. Oliveira ◽  
Nikolas G. Cipola ◽  
Eduardo A.B. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New World ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
First Time ◽  
Group Distribution

Nine new species of the collembolan genus Salina MacGillivray from South America are described and illustrated. Two Neotropical species were recorded for the first time from Brazil: S. dedoris Mari-Mutt and S. tristani Denis. Salina was previously known to occur in three Brazilian states, and this is now updated to include 19 states with 12 recorded species. A new proposal of morphological character description and illustration, and an identification key for the celebensis group are provided. A hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among 34 species of Salina (about 50% of the 72 described species) allowed three main pursuits: (a) a reevaluation of Salina species groups; (b) the first explicit interpretation of how morphological characters of these springtails may have changed during the course of the diversification of the taxon; and (c) an evaluation of the historical biogeographic connections of Salina, with an emphasis on the celebensis group distribution to the New World.

A phylogenetic analysis of the Eucraniini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico C. Ocampo ◽  
Clarke H. Scholtz ◽  
T. Keith Philips
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
African Genus

AbstractA phylogenetic analysis of the New World Eucraniini was conducted using cladistics. The tribe is monophyletic based on an analysis of 64 morphological characters. The flying Ennearabdus is the sister taxon to the three flightless genera, Anomiopsoides, Eucranium, and Glyphoderus, and Anomiopsoides and Glyphoderus share a common ancestor. The relationship of the eucraniines to other tribes of Scarabaeinae, dung preference, a comparison to the flightless southwest African genus Pachysoma, and the biogeography of the tribe are also discussed.

Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER B. HEENAN ◽  
ROB D. SMISSEN
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Genus ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Dna Sequence Data

The generic taxonomy of the Nothofagaceae is revised. We present a new phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters and map these characters onto a recently published phylogenetic tree obtained from DNA sequence data. Results of these and previous analyses strongly support the monophyly of four clades of Nothofagaceae that are currently treated as subgenera of Nothofagus. The four clades of Nothofagaceae are robust and well-supported, with deep stem divergences, have evolutionary equivalence with other genera of Fagales, and can be circumscribed with morphological characters. We argue that these morphological and molecular differences are sufficient for the four clades of Nothofagaceae to be recognised at the primary rank of genus, and that this classification will be more informative and efficient than the currently circumscribed Nothofagus with four subgenera.        Nothofagus is recircumscribed to include five species from southern South America, Lophozonia and Trisyngyne are reinstated, and the new genus Fuscospora is described. Fuscospora and Lophozonia, with six and seven species respectively, occur in New Zealand, southern South America and Australia. Trisyngyne comprises 25 species from New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. New combinations are provided where necessary in each of these genera.

A new species of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) from Hubei, China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 350 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
RUI-HONG WANG ◽  
MAO-QIN XIA ◽  
JIN-BO TAN ◽  
CHUAN CHEN ◽  
XIN-JIE JIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Central China ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Scrophularia jinii (Scrophulariaceae), from Central China is described and illustrated. This new species was formerly misidentified as S. fargesii, from which it differs in many morphological characters. Moreover, it is distinct with all known Scrophularia species in its unique deeply double serrate leaf margin with 3–7 big teeth on each side. Molecular phylogenetic analysis further supports its species delimitation and suggests a close relationship with several Japanese and North American species.

scholarly journals Placenta-Specific Protein 1 Is Conserved throughout the Placentalia under Purifying Selection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Devor
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
The Common

Placental mammals (Placentalia) are a very successful group that, today, comprise 94% of all mammalian species. Recent phylogenetic analyses, coupled with new, quite complete fossils, suggest that the crown orders were all established rapidly from a common ancestor just after the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary 65 million years ago. Extensive molecular and morphologic evidence has led to a description of the common ancestor of all Placentalia in which a two-horned uterus and a hemochorial placenta are present. Thus, the process of placentation in which the placenta invades and anchors to the uterine epithelium was already established. One factor that has been suggested as a crucial component of this process is placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC1). A phylogenetic analysis of the PLAC1 protein in 25 placental mammal species, representing nine of the sixteen crown orders of the Placentalia, suggests that this protein was present in the placental common ancestor in the form we see it today, that it evolved in the Placentalia and has been subject to the effects of purifying selection since its appearance.

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