On interdental fricatives in the first-layer dialects of Maghrebi Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-308
Author(s):  
Jairo Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Interdental Fricatives

Abstract The present paper aims at revisiting the question of interdental fricatives in the so-called pre-Hilali Arabic dialects, that is the descendants of the first stage of Arabicization in North Africa. It attempts to challenge, from a diachronic and comparative approach, the view that the absence of interdental fricatives—and their merger with dental stops—is a hallmark of pre-Hilali Arabic. On the basis of neglected data, we will provide evidence suggesting that interdental phonemes occur or did occur in some of the Arabic dialects which resulted from the early Muslim conquest of North Africa.

scholarly journals Social Trust in the Middle East and North Africa: The Context-Dependent Impact of Citizens’ Socio-Economic and Religious Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Spierings
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Our knowledge of social trust's drivers in the MENA region is limited and there are good reasons to expect that theories based on Western countries cannot be copied to the MENA one-to-one. Arguing for a broader and at the same time context-sensitive comparative approach, I translate the ‘societal winners’, social capital, and religious beliefs mechanisms explaining trust to the MENA context. Moreover, I acknowledge intraregional diversity and test how the impact of these factors also differs among MENA countries. Empirically, I synchronize 47 surveys from 15 MENA countries, which provides the broadest and most systematic assessment of trust in the MENA to date. The results show that the societal-winner mechanism does not hold: employed, higher education and wealthier citizens are not more trusting. However, higher-educated citizens distrust other citizens more, particularly in the strongest autocracies. Religiosity seems pivotal too. Among others, service-attending citizens are more trusting, mainly where regimes regulate religious affairs. Overall, this study provides insight into what shapes generalized social trust in the Middle East and North Africa and it underscores that at a comparative level we need to consider inter-regional and intra-regional forms of context-dependency were we to formulate a broadly applicable theoretical framework of trust's drivers.

The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Aguadé
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
African Language ◽  
North African ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Second Wave

This chapter analyses synchronically and diachronically the Maghrebi Arabic dialects spoken in North Africa, whose most outstanding features are the prefix n- for the first person singular of the imperfect and a vowel system characterized by elision of short vowels in open syllable. Maghrebi Arabic shows less variety than do Middle Eastern dialects and has been influenced by only two substrate languages, Berber and Latin (the latter especially in Mediterranean coastal towns). All Maghrebi dialects have far fewer Turkish loanwords than do Middle Eastern dialects. On the other hand, French influence on the vocabularies of Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan dialects is strong, and code-switching between Arabic and French common in North African language use (except in Libya and Malta). Diachronically, Maghrebi Arabic dialects are divided into two types—pre-Hilālī and Hilālī— depending on whether they go back to the first or the second wave of the Arabization of North Africa.

Judeo-Arabic Dialects in North Africa as Communal Languages: Lects, Polylects, and Sociolects

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Chetrit
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
North African ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
The North ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Arabic Dialects

The study aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the North African Judeo-Arabic dialects in their internal diversity and in their communal use in daily interaction as well as in specialized genres of oral and written discourse. Internal diversity pertains to the various daily and elaborated genres of discourse and types of texts that developed in Jewish communities from the sixteenth century, generating different lects, polylects, and archilects in poetry, in journalism, and in daily interaction; combinations of lects constitute the repertories of three distinct communal sociolects: rabbinic, males,’ and females’ sociolects. Internal diversity also includes the changing linguistic Arabic matrix and the external components it integrated and which hybridized the dialects: Hebrew-Aramaic, Berber, Turkish, and Romance (Castilian, Portuguese, Italian, French). Three oral texts illustrating various Judeo-Arabic lects are presented and discussed.

Examining the effects of doing business on Iran and MENA countries’ economic growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-23
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mehrabani ◽  
Mehdi Basirat ◽  
Fereshte Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Panel Data Model ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Doing Business

Purpose The purposes of this paper are: reviewing economic growth in Iran, investigating and comparing Iran doing business (DB) with those of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and evaluating the relation between DB and economic growth for a selected sample during 2006-2012. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the panel data model and takes a comparative approach. Findings The main findings of our investigation are: first, economic growth in Iran has decreased in recent years due the lack of proper business environment. Second, studying Iran DB indicators and comparing them with those of the MENA countries show that they are low and Iran’s ranking is undesirable. Third, the results show a robust support for the claim that the improvement in DB indicators will lead to an increase in economic growth. Researchlimitations/implications MENA countries’ experience shows that they are promoting their economic growth by improving their business environment, so the key element for increasing Iran’ economic growth is by improving the business environment. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature in at least two aspects. First is the comparative analysis of Iran’s DB with MENA countries, and second is considering the effect of DB on Iran’s and selected countries’ economic growth.

The Early Medieval Slave Trade of the Central Sahel: Archaeological and Historical Considerations

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Haour
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Slave ◽  
The Past ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Impact

The trans-Atlantic trade that brought slaves from the African continent to the New World has generated such interest and controversy that it has tended to obscure another significant African slave trade, that which saw individuals sent across the Sahara to be sold in North Africa and Western Asia. This trans-Saharan trade was both longer-lived and, in terms of numbers eventually enslaved, demographically similar to the better-known trans-Atlantic trade. This chapter summarizes current understandings of the trans-Saharan slave trade for the period ad 750–1500 approximately, and assesses the prospects for its archaeological recognition. A second topic will be to suggest the merits of a comparative approach considering the impact of slave trading on social and political frameworks: the argument here is that a consideration of wider themes can bring us closer to understanding roots and causes, invalidating the convenient assumption that the Atlantic slave trade was a historical curiosity which can be safely consigned to the annals of the past.

Diversity of Judeo-Arabic Dialects in North Africa: Eqa:l, Wqal, kjal and ʔal Dialects

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Joseph Chetrit
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
North African ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Western Morocco ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Eastern Algeria

This study presents the diversity of North African Judeo-Arabic dialects documented in an extensive course of fieldwork concerning some one hundred and thirty Moroccan Jewish dialects, both urban and rural. Dozens of additional dialects from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria complete the global repartitioning of these dialects into four distinct groups:Eqa:l,Wqal,kjal, andʔaldialects. The different dialects in each set share common phonetic, phonological, morphological, and grammatical features. All of them preserve the unvoiced realization of the stop /q/ and articulate it as a uvular [q] (Eqa:landWqal), a palato-velar [kj] (kjal), or a glottal [ʔ] (ʔal).Eqa:ldialects developed in Libya, Tunisia, and Eastern Algeria; they distinguish between long and short vowels.Wqaldialects developed in Western Morocco.Kjaldialects developed in northwestern Algeria and in southeastern Morocco.ʔaldialects developed in Moroccan cities, where Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal settled among native Jews.

Lectin-Induced RBC Agglutination: Chemical vs. Cryofixation

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
Dean A. Handley ◽  
Lanping A. Sung ◽  
Shu Chien
Keyword(s):  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Electrostatic Charge ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Minimal Cell ◽  
Membrane Stiffness ◽  
Cell Contour

RBC agglutination by lectins represents an interactive balance between the attractive (bridging) force due to lectin binding on cell surfaces and disaggregating forces, such as membrane stiffness and electrostatic charge repulsion (1). During agglutination, critical geometric parameters of cell contour and intercellular distance reflect the magnitude of these interactive forces and the size of the bridging macromolecule (2). Valid ultrastructural measurements of these geometric parameters from agglutinated RBC's require preservation with minimal cell distortion. As chemical fixation may adversely influence RBC geometric properties (3), we used chemical fixation and cryofixation (rapid freezing followed by freeze-substitution) as a comparative approach to examine these parameters from RBC agglutinated with Ulex I lectin.

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