Ancient Chinese sentence final particle ěr 爾

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-64
Author(s):  
Lukáš ZÁDRAPA
Keyword(s):  
Final Particle ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
Comprehensive Study ◽  
Chinese Morphology

Abstract The article amounts to a fully comprehensive study on the sentence final particle ěr 爾 in Classical Chinese. After an overview of the explanations of the functions of the particle in reference books, all relevant occurrences in the pre-Qín texts are analysed, and the results are compared with its usage in the documents of the Western Hàn era. The possible interpretations of its meaning(s) proposed by the author are subsequently put in relation to hypothetical etymological links based on the theory of Old Chinese morphology in Sagart’s vein.

Digitization of Old Chinese Bibles (pre-1950s)

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wong
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The 1950S

The program “Digitization of Old Chinese Bibles,” likely the largest digitization program for Chinese Bibles ever undertaken, began in August 2014 under the auspices of the Digital Bible Library (DBL), an initiative of the United Bible Societies with the aim of gathering, validating, and safeguarding Scripture texts and publication assets ( https://thedigitalbiblelibrary.org/home/ ). The completion of Phase I in April 2016 also marked the launch of Phase II of the program. By the time the present article is published, a majority of twenty-two Chinese Bibles (full or New Testament) will have been full-text digitized and uploaded to DBL for wider distribution. The final goal of the digitization program is to digitize all thirty-three extant complete Chinese New Testaments or full Bibles—whether in Wenli (classical) Chinese or Mandarin Chinese—published prior to the 1950s. The purpose of the article is to report on this program, what it entails, and the challenges it faces.

scholarly journals OCP Avoidance in Classical Chinese: Implications for Tonogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Isaac Rabinovitch
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The Creation

Through a corpus of five pre-Qin (before 221 BCE) texts, this paper argues that the authors of both prose and poetry in Classical Chinese were sensitive to OCP violations at cross-word boundaries, and changed diction and used marked word order as a way to avoid the creation of pseudogeminates across words. The frequency of bigrams which result in pseudogeminates are compared to the predicted frequency of pseudogeminates across the corpus. This paper finds that pseudogeminates are significantly (p<0.00001) rarer than expected through randomization. Furthermore, by analyzing these texts with multiple possible phonological reconstructions, this paper suggests that post-codas, segments which were present in Old Chinese, but were elided during the process of tonogenesis between Old Chinese and Middle Chinese, were most likely present in the Chinese of the writers of the texts. Evidence comes from the consistency of OCP avoidance across all tones of Chinese assuming the presence of post-codas, and the lack of consistency thereof when post-codas are not assumed.

The Classical Chinese topic-markerFu

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
A. C. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Final Particle ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

The graph in Classical Chinese represents three different words, a noun (fu1/✴pῗwo╴ ‘man, husband’), a final particle (fu2/✴bῗwo╴ ‘n'est-ce pas?’), and a word (also read (fu2/✴bῗwo╴) which of all the common pronouns and particles is perhaps the one which has most persistently defied all attempts at a usable grammatical description.

Progress In The Practical Application Of Automated Image Analysis To Tem Negatives

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
F. A. Heckman ◽  
E. Redman ◽  
J.E. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Image Quality ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Comprehensive Study

In our initial publication on this subject1) we reported results demonstrating that contrast is the most important factor in producing the high image quality required for reliable image analysis. We also listed the factors which enhance contrast in order of the experimentally determined magnitude of their effect. The two most powerful factors affecting image contrast attainable with sheet film are beam intensity and KV. At that time we had only qualitative evidence for the ranking of enhancing factors. Later we carried out the densitometric measurements which led to the results outlined below.Meaningful evaluations of the cause-effect relationships among the considerable number of variables in preparing EM negatives depend on doing things in a systematic way, varying only one parameter at a time. Unless otherwise noted, we adhered to the following procedure evolved during our comprehensive study:Philips EM-300; 30μ objective aperature; magnification 7000- 12000X, exposure time 1 second, anti-contamination device operating.

Hexachlorobenzene toxicity in the monkey ovary: III. Ultrastructure induced by high (10 mg/kg) dose exposure

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
A. Singh ◽  
A. Dykeman ◽  
J. Jarrelf ◽  
D. C. Villeneuve
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Human Follicular Fluid ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Induction Cycle ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent and mobile organochlorine pesticide, occurs in environment. HCB has been shown to be present in human follicular fluid. An objective of the present report, which is part of a comprehensive study on reproductive toxicity of HCB, was to determine the cytologic effects of the compound on ovarian follicles in a primate model.Materials and Methods. Eight Cynomolgus monkeys were housed under controlled conditions at Animal facility of Health and Welfare, Ottawa. Animals were orally administered gelatin capsules containing HCB mixed with glucose in daily dosages of 0.0 or 10 mg/kg b.w. for 90 days; the former was the control group. On the menstrual period following completion of dosing, the monkeys underwent an induction cycle of superovulation. At necropsy, one-half of an ovary from each animal was diced into ca. 2- to 3-mm cubed specimens that were fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3). Subsequent procedures followed to obtain thin sections that were examined in a Hitachi H-7000 electron microscope have been described earlier.

Comparison of Substructures Between Uniaxial and Biaxial Deformation in 1100-0 Aluminum

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
D. L. Rohr ◽  
S. S. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Biaxial Tension ◽  
Initial Deformation ◽  
Uniaxial Deformation ◽  
Biaxial Deformation ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Comprehensive Study

As part of a comprehensive study of microstructural and mechanical response of metals to uniaxial and biaxial deformations, the development of substructure in 1100 A1 has been studied over a range of plastic strain for two stress states.Specimens of 1100 aluminum annealed at 350 C were tested in uniaxial (UT) and balanced biaxial tension (BBT) at room temperature to different strain levels. The biaxial specimens were produced by the in-plane punch stretching technique. Areas of known strain levels were prepared for TEM by lapping followed by jet electropolishing. All specimens were examined in a JEOL 200B run at 150 and 200 kV within 24 to 36 hours after testing.The development of the substructure with deformation is shown in Fig. 1 for both stress states. Initial deformation produces dislocation tangles, which form cell walls by 10% uniaxial deformation, and start to recover to form subgrains by 25%. The results of several hundred measurements of cell/subgrain sizes by a linear intercept technique are presented in Table I.

Microvasculature and structure of hemal lymph nodes in the wall of the rabbit bladder: a vascular corrosion casting and EM study

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1074-1075
Author(s):  
F.E. Hossler ◽  
M.I. McKamey ◽  
F.C. Monson
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Infusion Pressure ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Rabbit Bladder ◽  
Lateral Walls ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the microvasculature of the normal rabbit bladder, revealed unusual "capillary glomeruli" along the lateral walls. Here they are characterized as hemal lymph nodes using light microscopy, SEM, TEM, ink injection, and vascular casting.Bladders were perfused via a cannula placed in the abdominal aorta with either 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for fixation, 10% India ink in 0.9% saline and 0.1M phosphate (pH 7.4) for vessel tracing, or resin (Mercoximethylmethacrylate: catalyst, 4:1:0.3; Ladd Research Industries) for vascular corrosion casting. Infusion pressure was 100mm Hg. Fixed tissue was sectioned from epon-araldyte resin, and stained with toluidine blue for light microscopy, and lead and uranium for TEM. Ink injected tissue was photographed directly from saline-filled bladders illuminated from below. Resin-filled tissue was macerated in 5% KOH and distilled water. Casts were critical point dried, sputter coated with goldpalladium, and examined by routine SEM at 10 KV.

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