irans-supreme-leader-condones-violent-police-crackdown-on-protesters-june-19-2009-2pp

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Police Crackdown

scholarly journals Beaten ballots: political participation dynamics amidst police interventions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Toni Rodon ◽  
Marc Guinjoan
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Positive Spillover ◽  
Police Crackdown ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Empirical Approaches

Abstract What is the effect of violence on political mobilization? Taking the repression-mobilization nexus debate as a starting point, we study the effects of police interventions on political participation, focusing on the Spanish police crackdown on Catalonia's independence referendum on 1 October 2017. We analyze the effect of police actions on turnout using detailed aggregate data, as well as a survey conducted a few days after the referendum. The two empirical approaches show that police interventions had both deterrent and inverse spatial spillover effects. Although police raids had a local negative impact on turnout, they induced positive spillover effects in the surrounding areas. Our findings also indicate heterogeneity in the spatial dynamics, with police actions encouraging people to go to vote in nearby areas, but also mobilizing residents in neighboring areas to participate, especially those individuals with fewer incentives to turn out to vote.

Iran’s hopes of swift economic recovery will be dashed

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Supreme Leader

Significance His government is in an impasse with the conservative parliament over the draft budget for the new fiscal year beginning on March 21. Rouhani needs the US sanctions to be lifted fast and a COVID-19 vaccination campaign to allow for an exit from the pandemic in order to meet his economic promises. Impacts The supreme leader will become even more closely involved in shaping economic policy, with the autarkic ‘resistance’ narrative dominant. Khamenei may seek a new ‘jihadi manager’ president, linked to the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC), who follows his economic vision. Progress with vaccinations, which began on February 8, will likely be slow, as supplies have become highly politicised.

North Korea's economic catastrophe will only worsen

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Second Wave

Significance Pyongyang does not publish figures, but data and estimates produced in Seoul show that North Korea’s GDP shrank by 4.5% last year, its worst fall for 23 years, and trade hit a 30-year low. In June, supreme leader Kim Jong-un called the food situation “tense” and in August he dispatched troops to help deal with flooding. Impacts Small signs of fence-mending and lack of weapons tests may imply sufficient desperation for Kim to start, or feign, denuclearisation talks. Kim's choice to halt to all foreign trade is an overreaction to COVID-19; a second wave in China will fuel this paranoia. Kim's explicit rejection of foreign aid will be hard to reverse, but not impossible if he is desperate and a face-saving mechanism is found.

Iran’s ‘resistance economy’ faces new tests in 2021

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Presidential Election Campaign

Significance At the same time, the June 18 presidential election campaign is beginning, with top judge Ibrahim Raisi registering as a favoured candidate. Heading a high-profile anti-corruption campaign, Raisi has been a strong advocate of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei’s ‘resistance economy’ policy to undermine sanctions by supporting domestic production. Impacts Effective legislation to manage conflicts of interest, including of officials’ family members, will likely remain blocked. Local business interests that would benefit from more global links may have a strong voice even under a conservative government. The Islamic Revolution Guard Corps will keep a firm grip on the infrastructure sector.

Police crackdowns in Mexico City

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-813
Author(s):  
Ricardo Massa ◽  
Gustavo Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Garch Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustained Reduction ◽  
Police Crackdown ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Static Nature

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the design and implementation of the police crackdown strategy employed in Mexico City and to discuss its limitations toward a medium-to-long-term reduction of crime rates for six types of robberies. Design/methodology/approach The present work employs generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models to estimate the effect of police operations on the volatility of the rates of six types of robberies in Mexico City, as well as their persistence over time. Findings Results suggest that the concentration of policing in certain high-criminality spaces reduces crime rates in the immediate term; however, its permanence is contingent on policing design and behavioral characteristics of the targeted crime. Specifically, the Mexico City police crackdown strategy seems to be better suited for combating crimes of a “non-static” nature than those of a “static” nature. Research limitations/implications Due to the nature of the data used for this research, the performed analysis does not enable a precise determination of whether the crime rates respond to temporal or spatial displacement. Practical implications Considering the obtained results, a re-design of Mexico City’s police crackdown strategy is suggested for the sustained reduction of the number of reported cases of robberies of a static nature. Originality/value Despite their importance, few studies have measured the impact of police crackdowns on city-level crime rates and whether their effect is temporary or permanent. The present study proposes the use of GARCH models in order to integrate the study of this phenomenon into criminal time series models.

scholarly journals Investigating the Juristic basis of State and Provincial Commands in the Civil Lawof Islamic Republic of Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardeshir Fathalian ◽  
Dr. Rajab Akbarzadeh ◽  
Dr. Ahmad Hosein Falahi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Supreme Leader

<p>Governmental commands are commands which the ruler of the society prescribes according to the predicted legal terms and the general well beings of the Muslims to protect the safety of the society and resolve the deadlocks. Guardian jurist's (Vilayat-e Faghih's) and supreme ruler's range of authorizations are complete and full so that Imam Khomeini announced that guardianship should include all issues for which the prophet of Islam and Shia Imams have a responsibility towards it. This study made an attempt to investigate the juristic principles of governmental commands in civil code of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The basis and evidence of the subject were referred to from Quran, narrations, Islamic jurists' and scholar's opinions and the intuition viewpoint. In the civil law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, there are some clauses like 56, 77, 79, 81, 171, 1029, and 1130 which are representative of the influence of governmental command by the supreme leader.</p>

scholarly journals The Making of a “Correct” Translation Showcasing the Official Chinese Discourse of Translation

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary China ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Correct Translation

This paper studies political translation in contemporary China. It approaches the issue by tackling a case study of the translations of a maxim issued in 2006 by the Chinese supreme leader, Hu Jintao 胡锦涛. Like many past maxims, this one has been translated many times into English and four of the renditions are sampled for the case study, including seemingly “correct” and “flawed” ones. By comparing the different renditions, the study has managed to address a number of questions, including what makes a “correct” translation, how a “correct” translation is made, what strategies are used to accomplish “correctness” and what the criteria are for the making of a “correct” translation in China. The author hopes that this paper will contribute to an enhanced knowledge with regard to the dominant Chinese discourse of translation and about how translation is organized, regulated and evaluated in China.

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