Expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence: The scientific landscape as revealed by bibliometric network analyses

Expectation violations occur when there is a discrepancy between expected and perceived events or experiences. However, expectations often persist despite disconfirming evidence. Therefore, research on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence has been conducted in several fields of psychology with wide-ranging theoretical assumptions and empirical considerations. In the present review, we analyzed how these research fields relate to each other via bibliometric network analyses. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature search to identify scientific publications on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence. The literature corpus was then quantitatively analyzed using similarity measures that allow a data-driven classification of publications into groups, revealing their conceptual, theoretical, and empirical commonalities. Our results indicate that many influential publications have focused on finding reactivity measures (e.g., brain activation) to the discrepancy experienced between expectations and outcomes. Furthermore, these measures have been used to assess when and to which degree learning and behavioral adaptation (i.e., expectation change) takes place. We discuss the potential application of these measures for understanding expectation violations in more complex settings (e.g., social interaction) as well as phenomena such as expectation persistence. The goal of this review was to foster interdisciplinarity in psychology, enabling scientists and practitioners to identify new topics, promising empirical approaches and previously neglected variables.

Did the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program Reduce Readmissions? An Assessment of Prior Evidence and New Estimates

In this article, we provide a comprehensive, empirical assessment of the hypothesis that the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) affected hospital readmissions. In doing so, we provide evidence as to the validity of prior empirical approaches used to evaluate the HRRP and we present results from a previously unused approach to study this research question—a regression-kink design. Results of our analysis document that the empirical approaches used in most prior research assessing the efficacy of the HRRP often lack internal validity. Therefore, results from these studies may not be informative about the causal consequences of the HRRP. Results from our regression-kink analysis, which we validate, suggest that the HRRP had little effect on hospital readmissions. This finding contrasts with the results of most prior studies, which report that the HRRP significantly reduced readmissions. Our finding is consistent with conceptual considerations related to the assumptions underlying HRRP penalty: in particular, the difficulty of identifying preventable readmissions, the highly imperfect risk adjustment that affects the penalty determination, and the absence of proven tools to reduce readmissions.

Governing Markets as Knowledge Commons

Knowledge commons facilitate voluntary private interactions in markets and societies. These shared pools of knowledge consist of intellectual and legal infrastructures that both enable and constrain private initiatives. This volume brings together theoretical and empirical approaches that develop and apply the Governing Knowledge Commons framework to the evolution of various kinds of shared knowledge structures that underpin exchanges of goods, services, and ideas. Chapters offer vivid and illuminating case studies that illustrate this conceptual framework. How did pooling scientific knowledge enable the Industrial Revolution? How do social networks underpin the credit system enabling the Agra footwear market? How did the market category Scotch whisky emerge and who has access to it? What is the potential of blockchain-ledgers as shared knowledge repositories? This volume demonstrates the importance of shared knowledge in modern society.

Gertrudis Payás & Fabien Le Bonniec (eds): Intercultural Studies from Southern Chile. Theoretical and Empirical Approaches

Gertrudis Payás & Fabien Le Bonniec (eds): Intercultural Studies from Southern Chile. Theoretical and Empirical Approaches. Anmeldes af Torben Albertsen

Adaptive Imagination: Toward a Mythopoetic Cognitive Science

A mythopoetic paradigm or perspective sees the world primarily as a dramatic story of competing personal intentions, rather than a system of objective impersonal laws. Asma (2017) argued that our contemporary imaginative cognition is evolutionarily conserved-it has structural and functional similarities to premodern Homo sapiens’s cognition. This article will (i) outline the essential features of mythopoetic cognition or adaptive imagination, (ii) delineate the adaptive sociocultural advantages of mythopoetic cognition, (iii) explain the phylogenetic and ontogenetic mechanisms that give rise to human mythopoetic mind (i.e., genetically endowed simulation and associational systems that underwrite diverse symbolic systems), (iv) show how mythopoetic cognition challeng­es contemporary trends in cognitive science and philosophy, and (v) recognize and outline empirical approaches for a new cognitive science of the imagination.

Linking Stability Conditions and Ore Dilution in Open Stope Mining

The estimation of the stability conditions, over-breaks, and spalling failures, which could inflict potential external dilution, is a key parameter so as to ensure the optimal design of the exploitation and its cost effectiveness The research undertaken aims at correlating established empirical approaches for the estimation of the stability condition with numerical analysis that identifies and measures the depth of failure. A number of analyses have been conducted and the results obtained yield promising results that can be transformed to direct mathematical expressions applied for the early estimation of dilution rates. Furthermore, through the research, an initial proposal is made for a dilution-based stability graph that could be utilized for the early identification of dilution.

On probabilistic-physical and entropy approaches to combustion processes and determination of fire hazard

Introduction. The article provides an overview of the existing approaches to solving the problem of combustion of substances and materials, for their adequacy in determining their fire hazard of products and objects. The relevance of the work is due to the need to move from latent forms in determining the fire hazard of materials and products made from them (degrees of fire resistance, flammability groups, groups of the effectiveness of fire retardant coatings, etc.) to analytical forms describing the processes in the combustion theory. Problem statement. The task of the research is to determine the relationship between the theory of combustion of substances and materials and to assess their fire hazard in natural and man-made systems. Theoretical part. The system analysis of solutions to the combustion theory problems is performed. Its results became the basis of probabilistic-physical and entropy approaches, as well as proposals for changing standards designed to provide protection from fires. Conclusions. The results of the study showed the need to revise empirical approaches in assessing the fire hazard of materials and products made from them, which includes using thermoanalytic and acoustic methods and means.

Cybersecurity, Human Rights, and Empiricism

This chapter examines recent research on the impact of surveillance, both mass and targeted forms, and considers these insights and their implications for cybersecurity. State surveillance has been central to the ‘securitization’ in cybersecurity, particularly the increasing sophistication and expansion of digital surveillance. The chapter looks at different theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding the impact of such surveillance activities, particularly surveillance studies and chilling effects theory. It also considers how new research shows that surveillance has an impact on a range of fundamental human rights and freedoms, with important implications for civil society and deliberative democracy. Awareness of surveillance, or the threat of it, can have a substantial chilling effect on people’s exercise of these rights, leading them to self-censor or avoid seeking or imparting certain sensitive information. Surveillance can also be said to violate international rights against discrimination and protections for minorities, in that it has unequal or disproportionate impact on certain groups, including vulnerable minorities. The chapter then argues for new frameworks for cybersecurity centred on civil society or human rights.

Food Security Sustainability: A Synthesis of the Current Concepts and Empirical Approaches for Meeting SDGs

Currently, food security is becoming a fundamental problem in the global macroeconomic dynamics for policymakers and governments in developing countries. Globally, food security offers challenges both from achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets and the welfare perspective of many poor households. As a result, this study is guided by Neo Malthusian and Access theories to investigate Food Security Sustainability: a Synthesis of the Current Concepts and Empirical Approaches for Meeting SDGs in Nigeria using ARDL and ECM techniques. The ARDL revealed that agricultural value-added and GDP positively affect food security for commercial agrarian investments in Nigeria. However, internal displacement, population growth, food inflation, and exchange rate volatility negatively affect sustainable food security in Nigeria. The model’s coefficient of ECMt−1 also shows negative (−0.0130 approximately) and statistically significant (0.0000) at 1%. Thus, the speed of adjustment requires 1.3% annually for the long-run equilibrium convergence to be restored. The study concludes that the SDGs targets for poverty and hunger reduction, mainly for food security sustainability alongside small producers by the year 2030, can be rarely achieved because the convergence to equilibrium is more than nine years. An active value-addition strategy for sustainable food security and the provision of humanitarian interventions are recommended.