New Directions in Ship-generated Marine Pollution Control: The New Law of the Sea and Developing Countries*

Untuk keperluan pembahasan. dan pengolahan pada taraf internasional-global, acara yang sama itu telah saya sajikan melalui forum UN Environment Programme (UNEP), bmk dalam sidang-sidangnya yang mandiri maupun dalam sidang-sidang konsultasinya dengan Negara atau Region lain, antara lain :"Study on the Legal Component of UNEP Regional Seas Programmes for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environmen", (doc. UNEP/WG. 52/4, 1980);"Indonesian Contribution and Suggestions", (to the Informal Inter-Governmental Consultation, Ottawa: 5-7 Nov. 1980; reintroduced to the Meeting of Developing Countries, Geneva: 7-8 Sept. 1981 & the Preparatory Committee of the Senior Level Meeting on Environmental Law, Geneva: 9-18 Sept. 1981; dan the Ad Hoc Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law, Montevideo (Uruguay): 26 Oct. 6 Nov. 1981, (doc. UNEP/IG.28/Inf. 2,- 1981);"Marine Pollution Control and Prevention through Regional Arrangements in South-East Asia" — A Supplement to the Indonesian Contribution and Suggestions, (- idem- (b), di bawah kode: doc. UNEP/IG.28/Inf.4,- 1981 ).-sidang UNEP on Environmental Law, 1980 & 1981.

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Low-Cost Technology for Water Pollution Control in Developing Countries

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1982.0170 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (9-11) ◽

pp. 1337-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G G Cillié

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Developing Countries ◽

United Nations ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Pollution Control ◽

Local Labour ◽

International Water ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Local Materials

An estimated 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries is in one way or another related to water. In order to alleviate this most serious condition, the united Nations has initiated the “International Water Decade”, for which the estimated costs are $600 000 million, a sum which is far beyond any available means. By application of “low-cost technology” this sum could be reduced to $100 000 million which brings the objective within the reach of possibility. Details are given of the design and methods of construction of units which are best suited to the specific requirements and which would be simple, reliable and economical to operate. These can be constructed largely from local materials and by local labour. The need for appropriate training of both operators and the user population is stressed.

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Water Quality and Health

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0416 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (1-3) ◽

pp. 201-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. Kreisel

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Human Health ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Minimum Quality Standards ◽

Quality Guidelines

Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

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Foreign capital, pollution control, and wage inequality in developing countries

International Review of Economics & Finance ◽

10.1016/j.iref.2016.11.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

pp. 280-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jiancai Pi ◽

Pengqing Zhang

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Wage Inequality ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Foreign Capital

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Technical progress and pollution abatement: an economic view of selected technologies and practices

Environment and Development Economics ◽

10.1017/s1355770x01000171 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 283-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Dennis Anderson

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Technical Progress ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽

Pollution Abatement ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Industrial Countries ◽

Economic View ◽

Per Capita

The paper first presents evidence from the engineering literature on air and water pollution control, which shows that, when the pollution abatement technologies are in place, large reductions in pollution have been achieved at costs that are small relative to the costs of production. A simulation model is then developed to study the effects of technical progress on pollution abatement, and applied to particular cases in developing countries. The results are compared with the projections of an environmental Kuznets curve: they reproduce the latter if policies were not to be introduced until per capita incomes reached levels comparable to those of the industrial countries when they first introduced their policies; but show dramatically lower and earlier peaks if policies were to be introduced earlier. The conclusion is shown to apply more generally, and it is argued that developing countries can aspire to addressing their environmental problems at a much earlier phase of development than the industrial countries before them.

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