The Radical Islamic Movement in Indonesia: Roots and Factors

Radicalism has become one of the recent world problems faced by many countries, including Indonesia. The radical movement in this country is growing rapidly, especially after the reformation era. The spirit of democracy has provided opportunities for radical Islamic groups to express their beliefs openly and use religious symbols in their religious and social movements. This article aims to analyze the historical roots of radicalism in Indonesia and the factors that influence it. This article uses descriptive qualitative methods. The results of the study indicate that the radical movement in Indonesia can be traced from the tendency of groups trying to realize the Islamic State system (the khilafah) in Indonesia. This tendency can be found in several radical groups such as Darul Islam (DI/TII), Jama'ah Islamiyah, Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Laskar Jihad, Laskar Jundullah, Laskar Fisabilillah, Islamic Defender Fronts (FPI), and Preparatory Committee for the Application of Islamic Sharia (KPPSI). The study concludes that radicalism in Indonesia is the response of Muslims to the social, economic, and political conditions of Muslims in Indonesia.

Gerakan Islam Radikal di Sulawesi Selatan: Pola Rekrutmen dan Pola Gerakan Komite Persiapan Penegakan Syariat Islam (KPPSI) dan Laskar Jundullah

Preparatory Committee for the Upholding of Islamic Law (KPPSI) was established on 28 May 2000. Laskar Jundullah is an autonomous body under the KPPSI, but there is no effective coordination between Laskar Jundullah and KPPSI. In recruitment, membership of the KPPSI takes place openly, whereas Laskar Jundullah is more closed. This research explains the relationship between the two organizations, intended as a reference model to understand radical religious movements in the region. The data collected through interview, literature reviews, papers and related news. This study shows that an Islamic organization is not free from intact with radical Muslim groups. In fact, loose structure its even makes the organization more vulnerable to being used by the radical groups.

Oceans of Opportunity and Challenge

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction cover approximately forty percent of the planet’s surface. They host abundant marine biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from activities such as fisheries and shipping as well as multiple sources of marine pollution and climate change impacts. The process initiated by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 69/292 to develop the elements of an international legally binding treaty (ILBI) for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) has the potential to contribute to a more integrated and cross sectoral system of oceans governance at a global and regional scale. This article reviews the outcome of the Preparatory Committee meetings on the ILBI including areas of convergence and divergence among the negotiating parties. As the process enters the inter-governmental conference phase, it also examines how the anticipated ILBI might enhance existing ocean governance frameworks.

Part III Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Global Ocean Governance, 8 Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Securing a Sound Law of the Sea Instrument

This chapter examines the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). It first provides an overview of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom), convened by the UN General Assembly to make recommendations on the elements for a possible future multilateral agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The material scope of the PrepCom is constituted by ‘the package’ agreed upon in 2011 and includes the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter discusses the challenges of the package, focusing on two interlinked dimensions of the package plus the big issue that underlies it. It also considers two main tasks facing PrepCom: the first is to clearly identify all elements of each substantive set of issues composing the package, and the second task is to understand the implications of each element of these three substantive sets of issues and the inter-linkages between them.

FILSAFAT PANCASILA DALAM PERSEPEKTIF HINDU

<p>Pancasila is not just born, but through a very thorough planning process and reviewed by National figures through the session of the Preparatory Committee for the Preparation of Independence (BPPK). Pancasila as the foundation of the philosophy of the state of the Republic of Indonesia has the composition of five precepts which is a unity and unity and has the nature of the unity of the absolute, which is the nature of the monodualist nature as individual beings as well as social beings, and position as a personal being that stands alone and simultaneously also as a creature of God. The consequences of Pancasila as the basis of the state of Indonesia are all aspects in the administration of the state covered by the values of Pancasila which is the human nature that monodualis.</p>

Submarine Telecommunication Cables and a Biodiversity Agreement in abnj: Finding New Routes for Cooperation

In 2016, countries began meeting at the United Nations (un) to prepare for negotiations to develop an international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj). How the instrument will relate to submarine cables, if at all, remains to be decided. The preparatory committee will address a “package” of issues, among them the application of area-based management tools, including marine protected areas (mpas) and environmental impact assessments (eias) to activities in abnj. eias and mpas already affect submarine cable operations in national jurisdictions. In abnj, a new instrument should formalize a cooperative framework with the cable industry to provide limited environmental management where necessary without over-burdening cable operations. This approach would be consistent with the un Convention on the Law of the Sea and could also inform governance with respect to other activities likely to be benign in abnj.