scholarly journals PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN (dalam Mengiringi terbitnya Dasawarsa Lingkungan ke-II)

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Munadjat Danusaputro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Preparatory Committee ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Environment Programme

Untuk keperluan pembahasan. dan pengolahan pada taraf internasional-global, acara yang sama itu telah saya sajikan melalui forum UN Environment Programme (UNEP), bmk dalam sidang-sidangnya yang mandiri maupun dalam sidang-sidang konsultasinya dengan Negara atau Region lain, antara lain :"Study on the Legal Component of UNEP Regional Seas Programmes for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environmen", (doc. UNEP/WG. 52/4, 1980);"Indonesian Contribution and Suggestions", (to the Informal Inter-Governmental Consultation, Ottawa: 5-7 Nov. 1980; reintroduced to the Meeting of Developing Countries, Geneva: 7-8 Sept. 1981 & the Preparatory Committee of the Senior Level Meeting on Environmental Law, Geneva: 9-18 Sept. 1981; dan the Ad Hoc Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law, Montevideo (Uruguay): 26 Oct. 6 Nov. 1981, (doc. UNEP/IG.28/Inf. 2,- 1981);"Marine Pollution Control and Prevention through Regional Arrangements in South-East Asia" — A Supplement to the Indonesian Contribution and Suggestions, (- idem- (b), di bawah kode: doc. UNEP/IG.28/Inf.4,- 1981 ).-sidang UNEP on Environmental Law, 1980 & 1981.

“Developing Sustainability” and the Emerging Norms of International Environmental Law: The Case of Land-Based Marine Pollution Control

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 169-225
Author(s):  
R. Michael M'Gonigle
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Premier Lieu ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Gestion Intégrée ◽  
Développement Économique ◽  
Droit International

SommaireBien que la pollution marine d'origine tellurique soit de loin la plus importante source de pollution marine, ce problème n'occupe pas une place dominante dans la réglementation internationale en matière d'environnement. Cet article examine les tentatives de réglementation de la pollution d'origine tellurique et fait des propositions pour son élaboration future. Il soutient principalement que la réglementation de la pollution d'origine tellurique a un impact direct d'une telle importance sur les objectifs économiques nationaux qu'il nous faut concevoir une nouvelle forme d'intégration du droit international de l'environnement et du développement économique international, si l'on veut réussir à contrôler cette forme de pollution. La Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement ayant lieu bientôt, le temps est propice à l'action innovatrice.L'article étudie en premier lieu le droit coutumier applicable, puis il examine les conventions internationales en fonction du niveau de contrainte de leurs dispositions: engagements non contraignants; obligations générales; obligations particulières précises; engagements institutionnels concrets envers l'adoption de mesures. Il discute également d'une série de conventions régionales adoptées dans le cadre et en dehors du Programme des mers régionales du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement, dont les principes directeurs sur la pollution d'origine tellurique élaborés à Montréal en 1985. Il analyse ensuite ces instruments et discute des éléments suivants: la définition de la pollution; le caractère des obligations fondamentales; la gamme d'obligations relatives à l'application des mesures (y compris la surveillance, les stratégies de contrôle, la gestion intégrée, l'exécution et la responsabilité); l'assistance financière et les arrangements institutionnels. Les failles de la réglementation sont analysées à la lumière de l'ampleur croissante du conflit entre les intérêts économiques et la protection de l'environnement.En conclusion, il recommande des changements et souligne l'intérêt grandissant pour ce domaine, particulièrement dans le contexte de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et de développement qui aura lieu au Brésil en 1992. Enfin, il propose une nouvelle approche “préventive” pour la réglementation en matière d'environnement et étudie les moyens de concilier protection de l'environnement et développement lors de l'élaboration des instruments juridiques futurs.

Low-Cost Technology for Water Pollution Control in Developing Countries

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1337-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G G Cillié
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
International Water ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Local Materials

An estimated 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries is in one way or another related to water. In order to alleviate this most serious condition, the united Nations has initiated the “International Water Decade”, for which the estimated costs are $600 000 million, a sum which is far beyond any available means. By application of “low-cost technology” this sum could be reduced to $100 000 million which brings the objective within the reach of possibility. Details are given of the design and methods of construction of units which are best suited to the specific requirements and which would be simple, reliable and economical to operate. These can be constructed largely from local materials and by local labour. The need for appropriate training of both operators and the user population is stressed.

Water Quality and Health

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kreisel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Minimum Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Guidelines

Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

The African Union and Universal Jurisdiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mennecke
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Universal Jurisdiction ◽  
African Union ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
African Government ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
The Status

Universal jurisdiction permits states to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of certain widely condemned offences, irrespective of whether they possess any of the traditional territorial, nationality, or other jurisdictional links to the offence. As a legal principle, African states accept the principle of universal jurisdiction, but in the past decade they have pushed back against it due to the perception that the courts of various European states have unfairly targeted African government officials that they perceive as enemies. Against this background, the chapter examines the status of the universal jurisdiction debate and how it relates to the role of the International Criminal Court and that of the African Union and its member states, in addition to evaluating the proposals made by African states within the framework of the United Nations to address the African government concerns about double standards in the application of universal jurisdiction through a special ad hoc committee of the General Assembly.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5882
Author(s):  
Rita Yi Man Li ◽  
Yi Lut Li ◽  
M. James C. Crabbe ◽  
Otilia Manta ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
The Impact

We argue that environmental legislation and regulation of more developed countries reflects significantly their moral values, but in less developed countries it differs significantly from their moral values. We examined this topic by using the keywords “sustainability” and “sustainable development”, studying web pages and articles published between 1974 to 2018 in Web of Science, Scopus and Google. Australia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda were ranked as the top three countries in the number of Google searches for sustainability. The top five cities that appeared in sustainability searches through Google are all from Africa. In terms of academic publications, China, India, and Brazil record among the largest numbers of sustainability and sustainable development articles in Scopus. Six out of the ten top productive institutions publishing sustainable development articles indexed in Scopus were located in developing countries, indicating that developing countries are well aware of the issues surrounding sustainable development. Our results show that when environmental law reflects moral values for betterment, legal adoption is more likely to be successful, which usually happens in well-developed regions. In less-developed states, environmental law differs significantly from moral values, such that changes in moral values are necessary for successful legal implementation. Our study has important implications for the development of policies and cultures, together with the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations in all countries.

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