scholarly journals The Kappa Effect With Only Two Visual Markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 703-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Kuroda ◽  
Simon Grondin ◽  
Makoto Miyazaki ◽  
Katsuya Ogata ◽  
Shozo Tobimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
Kappa Effect ◽  
Empty Time

The kappa effect is a spatiotemporal illusion where duration is overestimated with the increase of space. This effect is typically demonstrated with three successive stimuli marking two neighboring empty time intervals, and the classical imputed velocity model, in principle, does not help to predict any spatial effects when only two stimuli, marking single intervals, are presented on each trial. We thus conducted three experiments, examining requirements for the occurrence of the kappa effect with only two visual stimuli. An interstimulus interval between the two stimuli was 217 (short) or 283 ms (long), and participants categorized the presented interval as ‘short’ or ‘long’. The key finding is that participants tended to respond ‘short’ more frequently than ‘long’ when both stimuli were delivered from the same location, whereas the relative frequency of ‘long’ responses was increased when the two stimuli were delivered from different locations in most directions (i.e., horizontally, vertically, diagonally; Experiment 1). This kappa effect clearly occurred when each stimulus was located 8° apart from the fovea in visual angle, but it was reduced when each stimulus was further deviated from the fovea, regardless of whether the two stimuli were presented in the vertical or the horizontal direction (Experiments 2 and 3). Moreover, increasing the spatial distance between the two stimuli from 15 to 30 cm magnified the effect only in a limited condition (Experiment 3). Implications of these results were discussed in terms of the Bayesian model predicting the effects of spatial acuity.

Influence of Phenomenal Time on Perceived Space

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Russo ◽  
A. Dellantonio
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Empty Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Physical Time ◽  
Kappa Effect

It is known from work by Helson and King that the apparent spatial distance between stimuli presented in succession depends on the time interval between those stimuli (“tau effect”). It is also known that the apparent time (i.e., the interval of time perceived between stimuli presented in succession) depends on the spatial distance between the stimuli defining the time interval (called “kappa effect” by Cohen, Hansel, and Sylvester). For the “kappa effect,” apparent time between lights and stimuli on the skin of the forearm undergoes modification depending on the apparent spatial distance, as presented in Suto's work beginning in the early 1940s. The present work is complementary to Suto's. Its purpose is to test whether apparent spatial distance depends on the objective or subjective (apparent, phenomenal) time interval. To achieve this, our crucial (third) experiment was preceded by two exploratory experiments: the first to verify the illusion in which a subdivided interval appears longer than an empty interval of the same length (Oppel-Kundt temporal illusion); the second to verify the presence of the “tau effect” with simultaneous tactual and auditory stimuli for time intervals between 1500 and 2500 msec. In the third experiment subjects received successive tactual stimuli defining two spatial distance and two time intervals. They also received auditory stimuli that produced the Oppel-Kundt illusion by making the time intervals phenomenally different. The results fill a small experimental gap by showing it is subjective (phenomenal) and not objective (physical) time that influences perceived spatial distances.

Learning as a Function of Subliminal Reinforcements

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-398
Author(s):  
Austin Jones ◽  
Melvin Manis ◽  
Bernard Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Probability Learning ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Stimulus Category ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Tachistoscopic Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Classes ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Correct Discrimination

Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of subliminal reinforcements on learning. In the first two, Ss were given a discrimination task in which five geometric forms, repeated over 100 trials, were to be assigned to one of two categories. The categories were unbalanced; four geometric forms comprised one category, the remaining form the other. Response was required on each trial. Immediately after each response, the appropriate reinforcing word, “Right” or “Wrong,” was flashed at a subliminal brightness-contrast In Exp. I, under low motivation (without money incentives), Ss showed no learning of the correct discrimination, nor any evidence of probability learning with respect to relative frequency of stimulus categories. In Exp. II, the above procedure was replicated with money as the incentive. There again was no evidence of discrimination learning, i.e., acquisition of the correct response. There was, however, a significant linear trend ( p < .05) in the proportion of responses made to the more frequent stimulus category; Ss showed an increasing tendency to “match” the relative frequency of their two classes of response with the corresponding two stimulus classes. In Exp. III, Ss who were motivated by a money incentive attempted to guess whether E was thinking of an odd or an even number. Following each response, Ss were reinforced by tachistoscopic presentation of the word “Right” or “Wrong,” at time intervals which were too brief to permit recognition; half of the Ss were positively reinforced for emitting the response “Odd,” and half for the response “Even.” After 100 learning trials had been completed, the reinforcement contingencies were switched for an additional 20 trials, e.g., Ss who had been reinforced for “Odd” were now reinforced for “Even.” Ss in Exp. III showed no evidence of probability learning. Some possible explanations for the conflicting results of Exps. II and III were discussed.

Spatial Effects on Temporal Categorisation

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6165 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Ève Roussel ◽  
Simon Grondin ◽  
Peter Killeen
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Sensitivity Level ◽  
Marking Time ◽  
Perceived Duration

We examined the influence of spatial factors in temporal processing. Participants categorised as short or long empty intervals marked by two brief flashes delivered from locations differing in height and depth (experiment 1), or from two of three locations on a vertical plane (experiment 2). The perceived duration of intervals, as determined by the point of subjective equality, was affected by the height and depth of the signals (experiment 1). Experiment 2 showed that the point of fixation plays a critical role in perceived duration. The duration of an interval located in the upper visual field is perceived as longer when participants fixate the higher visual source and shorter when the fixation point is set in the middle; this latter result also generally applies when the fixation point is in the lower source. Finally, for the sensitivity level, there was a significant segment (upper versus lower) × direction (descending versus ascending) interaction in experiment 1; a similar interaction effect varied according to the fixation point in experiment 2. In experiment 2, the Weber fractions were around 0.22. Most results can be explained in terms of the need to shift attention from one visual source—for marking time intervals—to another.

scholarly journals Time-Shrinking and Categorical Temporal Ratio Perception

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Ten Hoopen ◽  
Takayuki Sasaki ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Ger Remijn ◽  
Bob Massier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Matching Procedure ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Empty Time

In a previous study, we presented psychophysical evidence that time-shrinking (TS), an illusion of time perception that empty durations preceded by shorter ones can be conspicuously underestimated, gives rise to categorical perception on the temporal dimension (Sasaki, Nakajima, & ten Hoopen, 1998). In the present study, we first survey studies of categorical rhythm perception and then describe four experiments that provide further evidence that TS causes categorical perception on the temporal dimension. In the first experiment, participants judged the similarity between pairs of /t1/t2/ patterns (slashes denote short sound markers delimiting the empty time intervals t1 and t2). A cluster analysis and a scaling analysis showed that patterns liable to TS piled up in a 1:1 category. The second and third experiments are improved replications in which the sum of t1 and t2 in the /t1/t2/ patterns is kept constant at 320 ms. The results showed that the 12 patterns /115/205/, /120/200/,  . . ., /165/155/, /170/150/ formed a 1:1 category. The fourth experiment utilizes a cross-modality matching procedure to establish the subjective temporal ratio of the /t1/t2/ patterns and a 1:1 category was established containing the 11 patterns /120/200/, /125/195/,  . . ., /165/155/, /170/150/. On basis of these converging results we estimate a domain of perceived 1:1 ratios as a function of total pattern duration (t1 + t2) between 160 and 480 ms. We discuss the implications of this study for rhythm perception and production.

scholarly journals Memory for empty time intervals in pigeons

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time

From Filled to Empty Time Intervals: Quantifying Online Behaviors with Digital Traces

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Quan Peng ◽  
Yixin Zhou ◽  
Jonathan J. H. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time

Modality-Specific Effects on Discrimination of Short Empty Time Intervals

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraga Hocherman ◽  
Gita Ben-Dov
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Empty Time

The ability of human subjects to judge the duration of short empty time intervals was studied in relation to the modality composition of the marker signals. Ac each trial, a pair of empty intervals was presented by a series of three successive stimuli, and the subject was asked to point out the longer interval of the two. Tone pips and flashes of light were used as the bounding signals. All the possible combinations of auditory and visual stimuli were used, in random order, to delimit pairs of intervals. Performance was found modality-independent when the first two stimuli were of the same modality. Strong response biases were introduced by varying the modality of the first or the second stimulus. Analysis of these biases indicates that memorization of the empty time intervals is affected by the modality of the binding signals.

Discrimination of two neighboring intra- and intermodal empty time intervals marked by three successive stimuli

2014 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Kuroda ◽  
Emi Hasuo ◽  
Katherine Labonté ◽  
Vincent Laflamme ◽  
Simon Grondin
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time

Bilateral Assimilation of Two Neighboring Empty Time Intervals

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Miyauchi ◽  
Takayuki Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Subjective Equality ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Empty Time

In many sensory dimensions, assimilation of characteristics of perceived events can be found. In the present study, we examined whether assimilation appeared also in time perception, employing time intervals shorter than 300 ms marked by tone bursts. In Experiment 1, we measured points of subjective equality of two neighboring empty time intervals, t1 and t2. The perceived durations approached each other when the difference between t1 and t2 was small. That is, bilateral assimilation took place. In Experiment 2, we measured points of subjective equality of t1 in smaller steps and across a wider durational range than in Experiment 1. We found that t1 was overestimated slightly when it was a bit shorter than t2, and t1 was underestimated slightly when it was a bit longer than t2. The overestimation and the underestimation were considered as typical assimilation. The results also showed that the perception of t1 changed from assimilation to contrast when the difference between t1 and t2 exceeded the range -80 � t1 � t2 � 40 ms.

scholarly journals Pigeons’ memory for empty time intervals marked by visual or auditory stimuli

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Santi ◽  
Lori Ross ◽  
Romina Coppa ◽  
James Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time
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