Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. I. Oleaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Baas ◽  
Zhang Xinying
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The wood anatomy of 34 species belonging to nine genera of Oleaceae, native or commonly cultivated in China, is described in detail, and a key to the identification of the genera is given. The diversity in wood structure supports the grouping of genera as based on a worldwide wood anatomical survey of the family by Esser and Van der Westen (1983) and Esser et al. (in preparation). Characters to separate these groups are type of imperforate tracheary elements (libriform fibres or fibre-tracheids), vessel distribution and grouping (mainly solitary or mainly in multiples; in an oblique to dendritic pattern or not), presence or absence of vascular tracheids, presence or absence of parenchyma bands (mostly marginal), and vessel wall sculpturing and intervessel pit size.

Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China ii. Theaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Liang ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
The Family ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The wood anatomy of 95 species belonging to fifteen genera of the Theaceae native to China is described. Despite the wood anatomical homogeneity of the family it is possible to key out individual genera (p. 373) as long as the unknown material is confined to Chinese species. In general the wood of Theaceae can be characterised by exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforations, opposite to scalariform vessel wall pitting, ground tissue of long fibre-tracheids, parenchyma scanty paratracheal and apotracheally diffuse, and heterocellular rays.

Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China Vii. Sapindaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Baizhong ◽  
B. J. H. ter Welle ◽  
R. K. W. M. Klaassen
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Diffuse Porous

The wood anatomy of 24 species belonging to 18 genera of the Sapindaceae native to China is described. Despite the wood anatomical homogeneity of the Chinese taxa of the family, it is possible to key out individual genera as long as the unknown material is confined to Chinese species. In general, the wood of Sapindaceae is characterised by diffuse-porous vessel distribution, simple perforations, alternate intervessei pits, comrnonly septate libriform fibres, usually scanty paratracheal parenchyma, mainly uniseriate rays and prismatic crystals common in chambered parenchyma and or fibres. The two taxa from temperate regions are ring-porous.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Aristolochiaceae; Systematic and Habital Correlations

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure

Wood of Aristolochiaceae has vessels with simple petforation plates; lateral wall pitting of vessels alternate to scalariform; tracheids, fibre-tracheids or libriform fibres present; axial parenchyma diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, scanty vasicentric, and banded apotracheal; rays wide and tall, paedomorphic, multiseriate only, little altered during ontogeny (new rays originate suddenly as wid~ multiseriate rays); ethereal oil cells present in rays; wood structure storied. All of these features occur in Lactoridaceae and Piperaceae, and support the grouping of Aristolochiaceae with these families and the nonwoody family Saururaceae. Chloranthaceae may be the family next closest to this assemblage. Druses characteristically occur in rays of Aristolochia. Tracheids in Aristolochia may be correlated with the lianoid habit, although Holostylis, a caudex perennial thought close to Aristolochia, also has tracheids. The fibre-tracheids and libriform fibres of Apama and Thottea may be related to the sympodial shrubby habit of those two genera. On the basis of one species each of Apama and Thottea, the genera differ with respect to wood anatomy. The paedomorphic ray structure of all genera of Aristolochiaceae suggests an herbaceous or minimally woody ancestry rather than ancestors with typically woody monopodial habit. Types of bark structure observed in the species surveyed are briefly characterised. Storied wood structure and presence of druses and ethereal oil cells in rays are newly reported for the family.

Wood Anatomy Of Flueggea Anatolica (Phyllanthaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedri Serdar ◽  
W. John Hayden ◽  
Salih Terzioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Southern Turkey ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy of Flueggea anatolica Gemici, a relictual endemic from southern Turkey, is described and compared with wood of its presumed relatives in Phyllanthaceae (formerly Euphorbiaceae subfamily Phyllanthoideae). Wood of this critically endangered species may be characterized as semi-ring porous with mostly solitary vessels bearing simple perforations, alternate intervessel pits and helical thickenings; imperforate tracheary elements include helically thickened vascular tracheids and septate libriform fibers; axial parenchyma consists of a few scanty paratracheal cells; rays are heterocellular, 1 to 6 cells wide, with some perforated cells present. Anatomically, Flueggea anatolica possesses a syndrome of features common in Phyllanthaceae known in previous literature as Glochidion-type wood structure; as such, it is a good match for woods from other species of the genus Flueggea.

Conductance in the wood of selected Carboniferous plants

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Seed Plant ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Conducting Tissue

Specific conductance was calculated for secondary xylem in seven Carboniferous stem taxa utilizing an equation derived from the Hagen-Poiseuille relation. Arborescent and lianoid representatives of major pteridophytic (Calamitaceae, Lepidodenraceae, Sphenophyllaceae) and gymnospermous (Cordaitaceae, Medullosaceae) groups were examined. In the calamite Arthropitys communis and the seed plant Cordaites (Cordaixylon sp. and Mesoxylon sp.), conductance corresponded approximately to the low end of the range for both extant conifers and angiosperms. A substantially higher conductance was determined for the wood of Arthropitys deltoides, conforming to the high end of the range for conifers and the low-middle part of the range for angiosperms. The highest conductance values were found in Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum, Medullosa noei, and Paralycopodites brevifolius and corresponded to the middle-high portion of the range for vessel-containing angiosperms. This outcome is particularly significant in light of the fact that tracheary elements in the fossils are imperforate. The results indicate that conductance in secondary xylem of some of the most ancient, woody groups was comparable to that in extant plants and that highly effective conducting tissue developed relatively early in plant evolution. Moreover, it is suggested that the general relationship between wood anatomy, growth habit, and ecology demonstrated for living plants can also be extended back in time to include fossil plants.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and Ecological Signals in the Wood of Spathelioideae (Rutaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Appelhans ◽  
Bertie Joan van Heuven ◽  
Frederic Lens ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Hydraulic Safety ◽  
Anatomical Information ◽  
First Time

Subfamily Spathelioideae of Rutaceae constitutes a well-supported early branching clade of eight small woody genera that were formerly assigned to five different Sapindalean/Rutalean families. This study brings together detailed wood anatomical information on all eight genera (for four the wood anatomy is described for the first time in detail). Wood anatomy strongly supports the inclusion of all Spathelioid genera in Rutaceae and underpins the molecular phylogeny with a set of interesting apomorphies at different nodes of the cladogram. The wood anatomy of Cneorum tricoccon with its semi-ring porosity, dendritic vessel pattern, vascular tracheids and helical vessel wall thickenings stands out in Spathelioideae. This wood anatomical syndrome is hypothesized to be due to adaptive evolution for hydraulic safety and efficiency of this species in a typical Mediterranean climate, where similar syndromes have evolved in many unrelated clades of woody dicots. In at least six unrelated genera of Rutaceae outside Spathelioideae from Mediterranean or cool temperate and montane climates, the syndrome has also evolved in presumably parallel, adaptive evolution.

Fruit developmental biology and endosperm rumination in Elaeocarpus ruminatus (Elaeocarpaceae), and its taxonomic significance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet N. Gagul ◽  
David Y. P. Tng ◽  
Darren M. Crayn
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Phylogenetic Distribution ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight

The genus Elaeocarpus is the largest genus in the family Elaeocarpaceae, comprising more than 350 species of trees and shrubs with a mainly Indo-Pacific distribution. Approximately 28 species in the genus, including nine species from Australia, are known to possess ruminate endosperm. To provide a basis for understanding fruit development and endosperm rumination in the genus and, therefore, its taxonomic and evolutionary significance, we studied the fruit anatomy of Elaeocarpus ruminatus F.Muell. at different developmental phases (petal-fall to maturity). We found lignin in pericarp and ovary wall tissues in the earliest stages of development. In contrast, endosperm rumination occurs only after fruits have fully expanded, and becomes more pronounced as fruits ripen. Its phylogenetic distribution suggests that ruminate endosperm is a derived, albeit homoplasious character in Elaeocarpus. Comparative studies on related species will be instructive in determining the utility of ruminate endosperm for informing infra-generic taxonomy of the genus, and gaining insight into its adaptive significance.

scholarly journals Wood Anatomy of Cercidium (Fabaceae), with Emphasis on Vessel Wall Sculpture

Aliso ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Wood Anatomy

scholarly journals Stigmatic surface in the Vochysiaceae: reproductive and taxonomic implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Carmo-Oliveira ◽  
Berta Lange de Morretes
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Stigmatic Surface ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The Vochysiaceae are Neotropical trees and shrubs, common in the savanna areas in Central Brazil (Cerrados). The family has been traditionally divided into two tribes: Erismeae, with three genera, and Vochysieae, with five genera. We investigated the stigmatic surface of six Vochysiaceae species, belonging to four genera of Vochysieae: Vochysia, Salvertia, Callisthene and Qualea. Flowers and buds at different developmental stages were collected. Morphological features were observed on fresh material and stigmatic receptivity was inferred based on esterasic activity. Pistils were fixed and embedded in paraplast and sectioned on a rotary microtome; the sections were stained before histological analysis. Stigmas of open flowers were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Stigmas of all species were wet and showed esterasic activity at pre-anthesis and anthesis stages. Stigmatic surface was continuous with transmitting tissue of glandular nature. Vochysia and Salvertia stigmatic surfaces were formed by multicelular uniseriate hairs, and species of the remaining genera showed papillate surface. The exudate over mature stigmas in all species flowed without rupture of stigmatic surface and pollen tubes grew down between hairs or papillae. Differences on the stigmatic surface agreed with a phylogenetic reconstruction that separated two clades and indicated that Vochysieae is not monophyletic. Stigmatic features could not be associated with pollination and breeding systems.

The anatomy of the barks of Leptospermoideae

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Bamber
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tube Type ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type Fibre

The anatomy of the barks of 61 species of the tribe Leptospermoideae of the family Myrtaceae, principally from Australia, has been studied. The following anatomical features in particular have been described: type and arrangement of sclerenchyma, type and distribution of crystals, silica, oil glands, sieve tube type, fibre dimensions, periderm, and rhytidome. A key for the identification of the species and/or groups of species described has been derived from the bark anatomy. The bark anatomy would appear to be superior to the wood anatomy for the separation of the species of the tribe. The relationship between the bark anatomy and the taxonomy of the tribe is discussed. Support for the separation of Choricarpia subargentea and C. leptopetala from both Syncarpia and Tristania is given. Tristania neriifolia appears to be distinctly different from other Tristania spp. and re-examination of the species is suggested. Samples of Metrosideros sp. from Indonesia have been found to have the characteristics of Xanthostemon and re-examination of the genus of this species is also suggested. Oil glands have been found to be restricted to the genera Eucalyptus, Syncarpia, and Xanthostemon. Resorption of crystals has been found in the outer phloem of a number of species. Casparian thickening of the cell walls of the suberized phellem in Callistemon and Melaleuca has been confirmed.

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