Annex 5 - Agreement Governing The Activities Of States On The Moon And Other Celestial Bodies

2009 ◽  
pp. 337-348
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Celestial Bodies

scholarly journals Relativistic aspects of rotational motion of celestial bodies

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S261) ◽  
pp. 112-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Klioner ◽  
E. Gerlach ◽  
M. H. Soffel
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Rotational Motion ◽  
Earth Rotation ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Newtonian Theory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Near Future

AbstractRelativistic modelling of rotational motion of extended bodies represents one of the most complicated problems of Applied Relativity. The relativistic reference systems of IAU (2000) give a suitable theoretical framework for such a modelling. Recent developments in the post-Newtonian theory of Earth rotation in the limit of rigidly rotating multipoles are reported below. All components of the theory are summarized and the results are demonstrated. The experience with the relativistic Earth rotation theory can be directly applied to model the rotational motion of other celestial bodies. The high-precision theories of rotation of the Moon, Mars and Mercury can be expected to be of interest in the near future.

POSSIBILITIES OF STUDYING THE LUNAR SOIL AND COMPARING THE COMPOSITIONS OF LUNAR AND TERRESTRIAL CLINOPYROXENES

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Z. Golitsyna ◽  
◽  
A. Kirdyashkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Lunar Rocks ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The problem of compositional analysis of extraterrestrial crystalline rocks in the study of celestial bodies is considered. Since most of the bodies, terrestrial planets and their surrounding objects may contain clinopyroxenes, it is possible to study the temperature and pressure of rock formation in certain areas according to the state of these minerals, and the studies can be carried out identically to the geothermobarometry of Earth rocks. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of clinopyroxene compositions of the basic model system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the pressure range of 12...30 kbar and temperatures of 1325...1650 °C, which can be assumed as conditions for the formation of lunar rocks. The development of the necessary experimental data obtained in terrestrial conditions will help in the future to conduct remote studies of the Moon and other celestial bodies without the need to deliver soil to Earth. The revealed clinopyroxenes can be analyzed with existing geothermometers and geobarometers obtained for different ranges of P-T conditions. The possibility of creating a new geothermobarometer based on the distribution of minals or cations in clinopyroxene specifically for lunar rocks is not excluded. The main features and possible instrumentation of the apparatus intended for the study of the lunar surface are described. The study of different areas of the lunar surface will determine where the country rocks are located most closely to the surface. Analysis of silicate components of the lunar rocks will make it possible to get closer to the solution to the problem of initial composition of the lunar mantle

The Outer Space Treaties

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (705) ◽  
pp. 751-758
Author(s):  
Francis Vallat
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The United Nations

In this lecture I intend to talk about two treaties adopted under the auspices of the General Assembly of the United Nations. To give them their full titles, they are the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies and the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space. For convenience, I shall call them the Treaty on Outer Space and the Agreement on Rescue and Return.

Contemporary Practice of the United States Interpretation of Treaties

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
General Counsel ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
Contemporary Practice

At a hearing on the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Moon Treaty), adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 5, 1979, which the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation held on July 29, 1980, S. Neil Hosenball, General Counsel of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and U.S. representative on the UN Outer Space Legal Subcommittee, stated that interpretation of the Agreement depended upon its negotiating history as required by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and by customary international law.

The Moon Treaty Enters Into Force

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Q. Christol
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The United Nations

On July 11, 1984, the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force following the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the fifth instrument of ratification. The Agreement, following its adoption by the General Assembly, was opened for signature on December 18, 1979. In the intervening years, it has been signed by Austria, Chile, France, Guatemala, India, Morocco, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Romania and Uruguay. The fifth state to deposit its ratification was Austria, which followed Chile, the Philippines, Uruguay and the Netherlands.

The Future of Sustainable utilization of resources on the Moon: a new international legal regime?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego De Blasi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Future ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Lunar Environment ◽  
Space Activities

<p>Outer space activities are increasingly bringing the international (scientific) community to upper stages of knowledge and awareness. With particular reference to <strong>Lunar exploration</strong>, general involvement of all States (also within a context of public-private partnerships initiatives) towards <strong>the principle of sustainable utilization of lunar resources</strong> shall represent an important requirement for the future of all Mankind</p><p><br>Thus, the <strong>safeguarding of lunar environment</strong> (the equitable/intragenerational utilization of its resources) shall represent a critical issue for the whole evolutionary framework of the <em>Corpus Iuris Spatialis</em></p><p>Firstly, the principle herein shall be taken into examination under the provisions laid down in the A<em>greement governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies.</em> Accordingly, article 11 states <em>“the moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind”[..]; as well, “The moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means..” (paragraph 2)</em></p><p><em> </em><br>Secondly, other concerns may also take into account: a)<strong> the perspective of ISRU (in situ resources utilization) processes</strong>, which shall take place towards sustainability means b) the undertaking of well balanced measures in exploring and using natural resources <em>vis-à-vis</em> adverse changes in lunar environment <em>(article 7, par. 1, Moon Treaty)</em>. In addition, besides the terms pursuant to the establishment of peaceful use of (space) lunar activities, an adequate <em>consensus</em> shall be called upon States beyond the <em>status quo</em></p><p>  <br>In conclusion, the aferomentioned background shall also consider the adoption of a comprehensive <em><strong>Additional Protocol to the Moon Treaty</strong></em> concerning <em>the sustainable utilization of lunar resources</em>. Arguably, this progressive framework may also be welcomed as milestones towards <em>further legal developments in international space law </em></p><p> </p><p> </p>

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