The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 through activation of their shared receptor IL-4Rα direct macrophage alternative activation to promote immunosuppression and wound healing. However, the mechanisms that control macrophage responses to IL-4/13 are not fully understood. Apart from driving JAK-STAT and PI3K-Akt pathways to polarize macrophages toward the alternative phenotype, the activated IL-4/13 receptors recruit negative regulators SHP-1 and SHP-2, which dephosphorylate IL-4Rα and decrease its signaling. Here we report that SIRPα spatially restricts SHP-2 and, by such, promotes IL-4/13 signaling and macrophage alternative activation. SIRPα executes this regulation via its cytoplasmic ITIMs/ITSMs that undergo phosphorylation by IL-4/13-induced, Src kinase-activated Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk), resulting in recruitment of SHP-2 and preclusion of SHP-2 from binding to and inhibiting IL-4/13 receptors. Despite that this regulation occurs independent of CD47, extracellular CD47 ligation of SIRPα facilitates its cytoplasmic phosphorylation and SHP-2 sequestration, leading to stronger IL-4/13 signaling and enhanced macrophage expression of IL-10, TGFβ, CD206, arginase-1, etc. Conversely, deficiency of SIRPα allows SHP-2 to freely bind to γC or IL-13Rα1 and through which dephosphorylate IL-4Rα, dampening its signaling. Consistent with these findings, impaired wound healing in Sirpα-/- mice under experimental colitis correlated with a deficit of immunosuppressive macrophages in the colon, a condition that was corrected by transfusion of ex vivo-produced SIRPαhigh alternatively activated macrophages.
Extraintestinal Helminth Infection Limits Pathology and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression during DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis: A Role for Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Prostaglandins
