Polytene chromosomes of Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) daltanhani (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Central Amazonia, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1676 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEUSA HAMADA ◽  
ELENY DA SILVA PEREIRA ◽  
PETER H. ADLER
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Chromosomal Complement ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
Similar Banding Pattern ◽  
Chromosome I

Last-instar larvae of Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) daltanhani Hamada and Adler from a stream in Central Amazonia were analyzed cytologically by mapping their polytene chromosomes. Simulium daltanhani has the nucleolar organizer in the short arm of chromosome I, heterogametic females, and an absence of autosomal polymorphisms. The chromosomes carry multiple rearrangements relative to other analyzed members of the S. quadrifidum species group in the subgenus Psaroniocompsa. One-third of the chromosomal complement is rearranged relative to the sequence of S. ulyssesi, the species with the most similar banding pattern among studied members of the S. quadrifidum group.

scholarly journals Chironomus (diptera) polytene chromosomes functional activity under the influence of cholinotropic preparations

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Irina A Fyodorova ◽  
Natalia V Polukonova ◽  
Konstantin N Dvoretsky ◽  
Svetlana I Bogoslovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Activity Change ◽  
Balbiani Rings ◽  
Chromosome I ◽  
Period Duration

Morphometric analysis of nucleolar organizer (NO), Balbiani rings (BR) - BR<sub>B</sub>, BR<sub>1G</sub>, BR<sub>2G</sub>, chromosome I arm puff B, chromosomes compactness activity change under the influence of cholinotropic preparations was carried out. Most sensitive criterion - chromosomes compactness is, most stable under the influence of stress - NO is. Atropine and pilocarpine antagonistic effect on the polytene chromosomes (PC) sites activity pilocarpine manifested itself in functional activity and restoration period duration change: on cholinoblocker effect activity decreased, while on cholinomimetic effect activity increased.

The salivary gland chromosomes of seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna (Diptera, Simuliidae, Cnephia)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Madahar
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
North American ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Standard Sequence ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Ii ◽  
Chromosome I

The salivary gland chromosomes are described for seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna Enderlein of Cnephia Enderlein. All taxa have the typical blackfly complement with n = 3. The widely distributed North American Cnephia mutata Malloch has the nucleolar organizer in IL and the standard sequence in IS. All other taxa display a shift of the nucleolus to IS and homozygosity for the inversion IS-1. The Scandinavian C. richteri Enderlein apparently exhibits no further changes, the northern North American C. emergens Stone is characterized by the additional inversions, IS-2, IIIS-1, IIIL-1. The remaining four taxa, designated here as C. "Y", C. "X", C. "O", C. "W" are western North American, presumably undescribed and close to C. mutata. Their close relation to one another is indicated by the sharing of some inversion polymorphisms. They differ in certain floating autosomal inversions, and C. "O" and C. "W" in having distinctive and complex Y-chromosomes, based on chromosome I (C. "O") or chromosome II (C. "W"). A diagram illustrating the cytophylogenetic relations of the seven taxa is presented.

Isolation, characterization, and localization of β-tubulin genomic clones of three Drosophila montium subgroup species

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Drosopoulou ◽  
Karin Wiebauer ◽  
Minas Yiangou ◽  
Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
Horst Domdey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Gene Family Evolution ◽  
Genomic Libraries ◽  
Genomic Clones ◽  
Drosophila Serrata ◽  
Montium Subgroup ◽  
Specific Sequences ◽  
Β Tubulin

Genomic libraries were constructed from three Drosophila species, namely Drosophila auraria, Drosophila serrata, and Drosophila kikkawai, belonging to the Drosophila montium subgroup of the Drosophila melanogaster species group. Clones containing β-tubulin specific sequences were isolated, characterized by restriction endonuclease digestions and Southern hybridizations, and mapped by in situ hybridization on the polytene chromosomes of the species studied. The distribution of the β-tubulin loci was found to be similar in D. montium species and D. melanogaster.Key words: genomic clones, β-tubulin, gene family, evolution, Drosophila montium subgroup.

A comparison of polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and orbital bristle trichogen cells in Ceratitis capitata

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zacharopoulou ◽  
K. Bourtzis ◽  
Ph. Kerremans
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Different Tissues

The banding patterns of polytene chromosomes in different tissues of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, vary to such an extent that homologous chromosomes cannot be recognised. However, analyses of autosomal breakpoints in several translocation strains allowed chromosomes from the two tissues to be aligned despite their difference in banding pattern. These results were discussed, considering the different hypotheses of the origin and biological significance of polytene chromosome bands.Key words: polytene chromosomes, salivary gland chromosomes, orbital bristle trichogen cell chromosomes, Ceratitis capitata.

The Balbiani ring and the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila bicornuta

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
Z. G. Scouras ◽  
A. Natsiou-Voziki
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Balbiani Ring

A study of the BR1 and of the most prominent puffs during larval development and after in vitro ecdysterone treatment, as well as of the banding pattern and inverted tandem chromosomal duplications of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila bicornuta, is presented in this report. These data are compared and discussed with those of D. auraria and D. serrata, two other montium species.Key words: Drosophila, Balbiani ring, duplications, ecdysterone.

Cytotaxonomy of four European species in the Eusimulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 3102-3115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona F. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
European Species ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Banding ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

The polytene chromosomes of four closely related Eusimulium (Roubaud) morphospecies from Europe have been examined. These are Eusimulium vernum (Macquart), E. costatum (Friedrichs), E. cryophilum (Rubtzov), and E. carpathicum (Knoz). Interspecific comparisons indicate that vernum and costatum are homosequential in chromosomal banding pattern; however, costatum does differ from vernum in possessing a conspicuous chromocenter. Both species may have B chromosomes, but these are not identical. Three kinds of vernum populations are found: pure X0Y0 (with undifferentiated X and Y chromosomes), pure X0Y1 (with males heterozygous for IIS-1 ve), and mixed X0Y0/X0Y1 populations. Only two European vernum cytotypes are indicated. Eusimulium cryophilum and E. carpathicum share a suite of autosomal polymorphisms as well as a fixed paracentric (IL-2) and a fixed pericentric (IIIP-1) inversion with respect to the vernum "Knebworth" standard. They differ from one another by three fixed inversions (IIS-1, IIIS-3, and IIIS-4). It is argued that at least two siblings, cryophilum A and cryophilum B, exist within cryophilum s.l. Sections 86B and 91C in the long arm of chromosome III appear to be extremely labile for breakage and reunion phenomena because several tandem or near-tandem inversions occur in this area. A cytophylogeny of the taxa under study is presented.

Population cytogenetic studies on Simulium feuerborni Edwards (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northern Thailand

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaliow Kuvangkadilok ◽  
Suwannee Phayuhasena ◽  
Visut Baimai
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Larval Salivary Gland ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
Chromosome I ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

A standard photographic map of Simulium feuerborni (Diptera: Simuliidae) was constructed from larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes and is described herein. Analysis of polytene chromosomes was made from wild larvae collected from the four populations at Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Simulium feuerborni has three pairs of chromosomes (2n = 6) which are arranged from the longest to the shortest. Chromosome I is metacentric while chromosomes II and III are submetacentric. A total of six simple paracentric inversions have been detected in these natural populations of S. feuerborni. These inversions (IS-1, IL-1, IIL-1, IIL-2, IIIS-1, IIIL-1) occurred in all chromosome arms except for the arm IIS. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been observed in inversion IIIL-1 at Hui Sai Luaeng suggesting the existence of two gene pools in this population. There is no indication of sex linkage associated with an inversion sequence in these populations. Thus, the X and Y chromosomes of S. feuerborni could not be recognized in this study.Key words: Simulium, polytene chromosome map, inversion polymorphisms

scholarly journals Polytene chromosomes reflect functional organization of the Drosophila genome

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
D. S. Sidorenko ◽  
T. Yu. Zykova ◽  
V. A. Khoroshko ◽  
G. V. Pokholkova ◽  
S. A. Demakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Diploid Cell ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Fourth Chromosome ◽  
Molecular Map

Polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are a convenient model for studying interphase chromosomes of eukaryotes. They are giant in size in comparison with diploid cell chromosomes and have a pattern of cross stripes resulting from the ordered chromatid arrangement. Each region of polytene chromosomes has a unique banding pattern. Using the model of four chromatin types that reveals domains of varying compaction degrees, we were able to correlate the physical and cytological maps of some polytene chromosome regions and to show the main properties of genetic and molecular organization of bands and interbands, that we describe in this review. On the molecular map of the genome, the interbands correspond to decompacted aquamarine chromatin and 5’ ends of ubiquitously active genes. Gray bands contain lazurite and malachite chromatin, intermediate in the level of compaction, and, mainly, coding parts of genes. Dense black transcriptionally inactive bands are enriched in ruby chromatin. Localization of several dozens of interbands on the genome molecular map allowed us to study in detail their architecture according to the data of whole genome projects. The distribution of proteins and regulatory elements of the genome in the promoter regions of genes localized in the interbands shows that these parts of interbands are probably responsible for the formation of open chromatin that is visualized in polytene chromosomes as interbands. Thus, the permanent genetic activity of interbands and gray bands and the inactivity of genes in black bands are the basis of the universal banding pattern in the chromosomes of all Drosophila tissues. The smallest fourth chromosome of Drosophila with an atypical protein composition of chromatin is a special case.  Using the model of four chromatin states and fluorescent in situ hybridization, its cytological map was refined and the genomic coordinates of all bands and interbands were determined. It was shown that, in spite of the peculiarities of this chromosome, its band organization in general corresponds to the rest of the genome. Extremely long genes of different Drosophila chromosomes do not fit the common scheme, since they can occupy a series of alternating bands and interbands (up to nine chromosomal structures) formed by parts of these genes.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characteristics of the Dombrovska pit lake (Ukraine) formed in an opencast potassium salt mine and the genome response of Chironomus salinarius Kieffer (Chironomidae, Diptera) to these conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 446-458
Author(s):  
Paraskeva Michailova ◽  
Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda ◽  
Andrzej Kownacki
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Pit Lake ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Chironomus Salinarius

AbstractThis study focuses on the Dombrovska pit lake, near the city of Kalush in Ukraine, which is a former potassium salt mine filled with brine and freshwater. The water level is still increasing and as a result the salinity is decreasing. We analyzed the benthic fauna communities and the genome instability by assessing the rearrangements in the polytene chromosomes of Chironomus salinarius and the physicochemical parameters of the near-bottom water (pH, conductivity, mineralization, major ions, NO3−, NH4+, metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe) and sediment (pH, organic matter and metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) at four sites. The water mineralization ranged from 17.3 to 26.2 g dm−3 which are classified as mesohaline and polyhaline waters, respectively. The biodiversity of the benthic fauna was low, and the dominant species was C. salinarius. The density of C. salinarius varied spatially and changed from 637 ind./m2 at a depth of 5 m to 8167 ind./m2 at a depth of 2.5 m. The genome instability was analyzed by examining the structural and functional changes in the salivary gland chromosomes of C. salinarius. The exposure of C. salinarius damaged the chromosomes and the activities of key structures, such as the Balbiani ring and nucleolar organizer, were partially or completely suppressed.

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