scholarly journals Implicit learning of base rate information in change detection occurs for location but not identity

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-837
Author(s):  
M. R. Beck ◽  
B. L. Angelone ◽  
D. T. Levin ◽  
M. S. Peterson ◽  
D. A. Varakin
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Rate Information

Motivated use of base rate information

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Lench ◽  
Peter Ditto
Keyword(s):  
Base Rate ◽  
Rate Information

Power of the people or the expert? The influence of vox pop and expert statements on news-item evaluation, perceived public opinion, and personal opinion

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Television News ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
News Item ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The People ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Rate Information

Abstract Vox pops, interviews with ordinary people on the street, are one of the most common ways to represent public opinion in television news. Research found that they influence audience judgments more than static base-rate information such as poll results. However, little research has compared vox pops with vivified base-rate information. Most research studying vox pops assumed they are included in the news because of their apparent attractiveness and trustworthiness to audiences. Using a television news experiment comparing statistical base-rate information vivified by an expert with vox pop statements, this study shows that news items containing vox pop statements are perceived as being less attractive and trustworthy than items containing the expert statement. No difference is found between the two types of public opinion information in their influence on perceived public opinion, but vox pops do influence audiences’ personal opinion more strongly.

BASE RATE NEGLECT FOR THE WEALTH OF INTERACTING PEOPLE

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIEMO URBIG
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Rate Information

Previous research investigating base rate neglect as a bias in human information processing has focused on isolated individuals. This study complements this research by showing that in settings of interacting individuals, especially in settings of social learning, where individuals can learn from one another, base rate neglect can increase a population's welfare. This study further supports the research arguing that a population with members biased by neglecting base rates does not need to perform worse than a population with unbiased members. Adapting the model of social learning suggested by Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (The Journal of Political Economy100 (1992) 992–1026) and including base rates that differ from generic cases such as 50–50, conditions are identified that make underweighting base rate information increasing the population's welfare. The base rate neglect can start a social learning process that otherwise had not been started and thus base rate neglect can generate positive externalities improving a population's welfare.

scholarly journals Model-based fMRI reveals dissimilarity processes underlying base rate neglect

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R O'Bryan ◽  
Darrell A Worthy ◽  
Evan J Livesey ◽  
Tyler Davis
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Rare Category

Extensive evidence suggests that people use base rate information inconsistently in decision making. A classic example is the inverse base rate effect (IBRE), whereby participants classify ambiguous stimuli sharing features of both common and rare categories as members of the rare category. Computational models of the IBRE have either posited that it arises from associative similarity-based mechanisms or dissimilarity-based processes that may depend upon higher-level inference. Here we develop a hybrid model, which posits that similarity- and dissimilarity-based evidence both contribute to the IBRE, and test it using functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from human subjects completing an IBRE task. Consistent with our model, multivoxel pattern analysis reveals that activation patterns on ambiguous test trials contain information consistent with dissimilarity-based processing. Further, trial-by-trial activation in left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex tracks model-based predictions for dissimilarity-based processing, consistent with theories positing a role for higher-level symbolic processing in the IBRE.

You can’t beat the feeling: How emotional responses to exemplars in news stories affect perceptions of expert sources and the message of the news story

2021 ◽  
Vol 00 (00) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lene Heiselberg ◽  
Morten Skovsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Television News ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
News Story ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
Main Message

Journalists include ordinary people as exemplars – also known as case sources – in news stories to illustrate the general issue through their personal accounts. These accounts from exemplars tend to evoke emotions in the audience and carry greater weight than base rate information when people form perceptions or attitudes on the problem at hand. In this study, drawing on a news story in which an expert source and an exemplar provide conflicting information, we explore viewers’ emotional response to the exemplar and their perceptions of the expert source and the main message of the news story. We do this by presenting participants with two versions of a television news story – one with and one without an exemplar. We measure participants’ emotional response through a combination of open-ended and close-ended self-reports and directly through electrodermal activity, and we explore their perception of sources and the message of the story through open-ended questions. We find that viewers experience increased arousal when they watch the personal account of an exemplar, and that they tend to interpret the base rate information in the light of the exemplar’s account. Furthermore, some respondents tend to delegitimize the expert source that contradicts the account of the exemplar. We discuss the implications that these results have for journalists and provide tentative advice on which measures journalists can take to counter such effects.

Reducing misclassification of mild cognitive impairment based on base rate information from the uniform data set

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Tomas Nikolai ◽  
Filip Děchtěrenko ◽  
Beril Yaffe ◽  
Hana Georgi ◽  
Miloslav Kopecek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rate Information

Heuristics in Medical and Non-Medical Decision-Making

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael F. Heller ◽  
Herbert D. Saltzstein ◽  
William B. Caspe
Keyword(s):  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
First Year ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Pediatric Residents ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Second Year

Pairs of hypothetical medical and non-medical problems were given to 44 pediatric residents at three levels of hospital training. Each problem was designed to detect a specific heuristic-based bias in making diagnoses. Discounting, disregarding base rate, and over-confidence in contextually embedded redundant information were more evident on medical than on non-medical problems. In particular, a greater number of third-year residents disregarded base-rate information than did first- and second-year residents on medical but not on non-medical problems. On medical problems, a greater number of first-year residents expressed greater confidence in redundant information that was contextually embedded than in information that was presented in a listed format. Over one-third of the residents confused prospective and retrospective probabilities; three-fourths showed evidence of augmentation; virtually all residents expressed greater confidence in a diagnosis based on redundant rather than on non-redundant listed information. These latter effects were consistent across training level and occurred on both medical and non-medical problems. The results are discussed in terms of prototype theory and the nature of medical training.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition Ancillary and Complementary Index Critical Values and Base Rates for the Normative Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-550
Author(s):  
Ash Puttaswamy ◽  
Anjelica Barone ◽  
Kathleen D. Viezel ◽  
John O. Willis ◽  
Ron Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Critical Value ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Ability Index ◽  
And Storage

An area of particular importance when examining index scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition (WISC-V) is the utilization and interpretation of critical values and base rates associated with differences between an individual’s subtest scaled score and the individual’s mean scaled score for an index. For the WISC-V, critical value and base rate information is provided for the core subtests contained within each of the primary indices. However, critical value and base rate information is not provided by the test publisher for subtests within the Quantitative Reasoning Index (QRI), Auditory Working Memory Index (AWMI), Nonverbal Index (NVI), General Ability Index (GAI), Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI), Naming Speed Index (NSI), Symbol Translation Index (STI), and Storage and Retrieval Index (SRI). This study investigates and provides critical values and base rates for performance on the QRI, AWMI, NVI, GAI, CPI, NSI, STI, and SRI.

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