scholarly journals Impacts of Different Types of ENSO on the Interannual Seesaw between the Somali and the Maritime Continent Cross-Equatorial Flows

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 2621-2638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Jing-Jia Luo ◽  
Shuanglin Li
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ep El Niño ◽  
Sst Gradient

The impacts of different types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual negative correlation (seesaw) between the Somali cross-equatorial flow (CEF) and the Maritime Continent (MC) CEF during boreal summer (June–August) are investigated using the ECMWF twentieth-century reanalysis (ERA-20C) dataset and numerical experiments with a global atmospheric model [the Met Office Unified Model global atmosphere, version 6 (UM-GA6)]. The results suggest that ENSO plays a prominent role in governing the CEF-seesaw relation. A high positive correlation (0.86) exists between the MC CEF and Niño-3.4 index and also in the case of eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño, central Pacific (CP) El Niño, EP La Niña, and CP La Niña events. In contrast, a negative correlation (−0.35) exists between the Somali CEF and Niño-3.4 index, and this negative relation is significant only in the EP El Niño years. Further, the variation of the MC CEF is highly correlated with the local north–south sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, while the variation of the Somali CEF displays little relation with the local SST gradient. The Somali CEF may be remotely influenced by ENSO. The model results confirm that the EP El Niño plays a major role in causing the weakened Somali CEF via modifying the Walker cell. However, the impact of the EP El Niño on the Somali CEF differs with different seasonal background. It is also found that the interannual CEF seesaw displays a multidecadal change before and after the 1950s, which is linked with the multidecadal strengthening of the intensity of the EP ENSO.

scholarly journals Modulation of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations over the Western North Pacific by ENSO

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (20) ◽  
pp. 7189-7201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Tim Li ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Li Deng ◽  
Yuanwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
El Niño ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
La Nina

Abstract The authors investigate the effects of El Niño and La Niña on the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the boreal summer (May–October) over the western North Pacific (WNP). It is found that during El Niño summers, the ISO is dominated by a higher-frequency oscillation with a period of around 20–40 days, whereas during La Niña summers the ISO is dominated by a lower-frequency period of around 40–70 days. The former is characterized by northwestward-propagating convection anomalies in the WNP, and the latter is characterized by northward- and eastward-propagating convective signals over the tropical Indian Ocean/Maritime Continent. The possible mechanisms through which El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-induced background mean state changes influence the ISO behavior are examined through idealized numerical experiments. It is found that enhanced (weakened) mean moisture and easterly (westerly) vertical wind shear in the WNP during El Niño (La Niña) are the main causes of the strengthened (weakened) 20–40-day northwestward-propagating ISO mode, whereas the 40–70-day ISO initiated from the Indian Ocean can only affect the WNP during La Niña years because the dry (moist) background moisture near the Maritime Continent during El Niño (La Niña) suppresses (enhances) the ISO over the Maritime Continent, and the ISO propagates less over the Maritime Continent during El Niño years than in La Niña years.

scholarly journals Changes in Spread and Predictability Associated with ENSO in an Ensemble Coupled GCM

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 4378-4396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renguang Wu ◽  
Ben P. Kirtman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Pressure ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Signal Change

Abstract The present study documents the influence of El Niño and La Niña events on the spread and predictability of rainfall, surface pressure, and 500-hPa geopotential height, and contrasts the relative contribution of signal and noise changes to the predictability change based on a long-term integration of an interactive ensemble coupled general circulation model. It is found that the pattern of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-induced noise change for rainfall follows closely that of the corresponding signal change in most of the tropical regions. The noise for tropical Pacific surface pressure is larger (smaller) in regions of lower (higher) mean pressure. The ENSO-induced noise change for 500-hPa height displays smaller spatial scales compared to and has no systematic relationship with the signal change. The predictability for tropical rainfall and surface pressure displays obvious contrasts between the summer and winter over the Bay of Bengal, the western North Pacific, and the tropical southwestern Indian Ocean. The predictability for tropical 500-hPa height is higher in boreal summer than in boreal winter. In the equatorial central Pacific, the predictability for rainfall is much higher in La Niña years than in El Niño years. This occurs because of a larger percent reduction in the amplitude of noise compared to the percent decrease in the magnitude of signal from El Niño to La Niña years. A consistent change is seen in the predictability for surface pressure near the date line. In the western North and South Pacific, the predictability for boreal winter rainfall is higher in El Niño years than in La Niña years. This is mainly due to a stronger signal in El Niño years compared to La Niña years. The predictability for 500-hPa height increases over most of the Tropics in El Niño years. Over western tropical Pacific–Australia and East Asia, the predictability for boreal winter surface pressure and 500-hPa height is higher in El Niño years than in La Niña years. The predictability change for 500-hPa height is primarily due to the signal change.

scholarly journals A climate network-based index to discriminate different types of El Niño and La Niña

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (13) ◽  
pp. 7176-7185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Wiedermann ◽  
Alexander Radebach ◽  
Jonathan F. Donges ◽  
Jürgen Kurths ◽  
Reik V. Donner
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Influence of ENSO on the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall over the Maritime Continent and Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1304-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra P. Rauniyar ◽  
Kevin J. E. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies

Abstract This study examines the influence of ENSO on the diurnal cycle of rainfall during boreal winter for the period 1998–2010 over the Maritime Continent (MC) and Australia using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and reanalysis data. The diurnal cycles are composited for the ENSO cold (La Niña) and warm (El Niño) phases. The k-means clustering technique is then applied to group the TRMM data into six clusters, each with a distinct diurnal cycle. Despite the alternating patterns of widespread large-scale subsidence and ascent associated with the Walker circulation, which dominates the climate over the MC during the opposing phases of ENSO, many of the islands of the MC show localized differences in rainfall anomalies that depend on the local geography and orography. While ocean regions mostly experience positive rainfall anomalies during La Niña, some local regions over the islands have more rainfall during El Niño. These local features are also associated with anomalies in the amplitude and characteristics of the diurnal cycle in these regions. These differences are also well depicted in large-scale dynamical fields derived from the interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim).

scholarly journals Dynamics of Late Spring Rainfall Reduction in Recent Decades over Southeastern China

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 2240-2247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Qiu ◽  
Wenju Cai ◽  
Xiaogang Guo ◽  
Aijun Pan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
La Nina

Abstract Since 1951, late spring (May) rainfall over southeastern China (SEC) has decreased by more than 30% from its long-term average, in contrast to a rainfall increase in boreal summer. The dynamics have yet to be fully determined. This paper shows that as the Indo-Pacific enters into a La Niña phase, significant negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies grow over the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific sector. The associated large-scale southwesterly anomalies transport moisture to the nearby South China Sea and the SEC region, contributing to a higher rainfall. A presence of a Philippine Sea anticyclonic (PSAC) pattern, arising from a decaying El Niño, strengthens the rain-conducive flow to SEC, but it is not a necessary condition. During the past decades, an increase in protracted El Niño events accompanied by a reduction in La Niña episodes has contributed to the May rainfall decline. The extent to which climate change is contributing is discussed.

ENSO continuum and its impacts on worldwide precipitation: Observation vs. CMIP5/6

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien Dieppois ◽  
Jonathan Eden ◽  
Paul-Arthur Monerie ◽  
Benjamin Pohl ◽  
Julien Crétat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Central Pacific Enso

<p>It is now widely recognized that El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurs in more than one form, e.g. eastern and central Pacific ENSO. Given that these various ENSO flavours may contribute to climate variability and trends in different ways, this study presents a framework that treats ENSO as a continuum to examine its impact on precipitation, and to evaluate the performance of the last two generations of global climate models (GCMs): CMIP5 and CMIP6.</p><p>Uncertainties in the location and intensity of observed El Nino and La Nina events are assessed in various observational and satellite-derived products (ERSSTv5, COBESSTv2, HadSST1 and OISSTv2). The probability distributions of El Nino and La Nina event locations, and intensities, slightly differ from one observational data set to another. For instance, La Nina events are more intense and more likely to occur in the central Pacific using COBESSTv2. All these products also depict consistent decadal variations in the location and intensity of ENSO events: i) central Pacific ENSO events were more likely in the 1940/50s and from the 1980s; ii) eastern Pacific ENSO events were more likely in the 1910/20s and 1960/70s; iii) La Nina events have become more intense during the 20<sup>th</sup> and early 21<sup>st </sup>centuries.</p><p>These fluctuations in ENSO location and intensity are found to impact precipitation consistently across diverse global precipitation products (CRUv4.03, GPCCv8 and UDELv5.01). Over southern Africa, for instance, more intense eastern (central) Pacific El Nino events are found to favour drought conditions over northern (southern) regions during austral summer. By contrast, over the same regions, more intense La Nina events favours wet conditions, while the location of these events has little effect on precipitation. Over West Africa, ENSO locations favour a zonal (E-W) rainfall gradient in precipitation during boreal summer, while changes in ENSO intensity modulate the strength of the meridional (N-S) rainfall gradient.</p><p>Using both historical and pi-Control runs, we demonstrate that most CMIP5 and CMIP6 models favour either eastern or central Pacific ENSO events, but very few models are able to capture the full observed ENSO continuum. Regarding ENSO impacts on worldwide precipitation, contrasted results appear in most models.</p>

scholarly journals A New Perspective on the Excitation of Low-Tropospheric Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves in Association with Energy Dispersion

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghua Chen ◽  
Chi-Yung Tam
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Energy Dispersion ◽  
Low Level ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Equatorial Wave

Abstract This study investigates the synoptic-scale equatorial response to Rossby wave energy dispersion associated with off-equatorial wave activity sources and proposes a new mechanism for triggering low-level mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves. A case study based on observations in boreal summer 2002 reveals that a vortex related to tropical cyclogenesis generated a coherent wave train through southeastward energy dispersion. The southeastward-propagating energy packet gave rise to the equatorial atmospheric response with a temporal scale similar to the wave train and with a structure consistent with the equatorially trapped MRG wave. A baroclinic multilevel anomaly model is employed to verify the excitation of MRG associated with the energy dispersion originating outside of the equatorial region and to explore the discrepancy in the equatorial responses under the different background flows corresponding to El Niño and La Niña. The results show that the prevalence of the low-level westerly flow, the associated zonal wind convergence, and the easterly vertical wind shear can be more favorable for the enhancement of southeastward-propagating energy dispersion and equatorial MRG response in the low troposphere during El Niño than those during La Niña. In addition, the strength of the mean flow can strongly affect the extent of equatorial wave response and modulate its phase and group velocity due to the Doppler shift effect.

scholarly journals The Asymmetric Influence of the Two Types of El Niño and La Niña on Summer Rainfall over Southeast China

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4567-4582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Afzaal Karori ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
Fei-Fei Jin
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Positive Phase ◽  
Negative Phase ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Asymmetric Response ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In this study, the authors demonstrate that the two types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have asymmetric features with respect to the impact of their positive and negative phases on boreal summer rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) and South China (SC). The relationship between rainfall over the YRV and the warm pool (WP) La Niña is positive and significant, whereas the relationship with the WP El Niño is not. In the case of the cold tongue (CT) ENSO, its positive phase has a positive influence, while there is no significant relationship with the negative phase. In contrast, rainfall over SC has a significant positive relationship with WP El Niño, but a nonsignificant relationship with WP La Niña. The positive phase of the CT ENSO has a significant negative influence on SC rainfall, while the negative phase has a nonsignificant impact. An asymmetric atmospheric response to the asymmetric sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) was also observed in the lower troposphere. The location of the center of the anomalous circulations over the study region differs during the opposite phases of the two types of ENSO. This asymmetric response is likely to be linked to the different spatial patterns of the two types of El Niño and La Niña. Atmospheric general circulation models confirm the authors' analysis of the observed data. Numerical simulations show that the asymmetric response of the lower atmosphere is driven mainly by differing SSTA patterns in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

Seasonal–Interannual Variation and Prediction of Wet and Dry Season Rainfall over the Maritime Continent: Roles of ENSO and Monsoon Circulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 3675-3695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuantuan Zhang ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Xingwen Jiang ◽  
Ping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
La Nina

Abstract The authors analyze the seasonal–interannual variations of rainfall over the Maritime Continent (MC) and their relationships with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and large-scale monsoon circulation. They also investigate the predictability of MC rainfall using the hindcast of the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). The seasonal evolution of MC rainfall is characterized by a wet season from December to March and a dry season from July to October. The increased (decreased) rainfall in the wet season is related to the peak-decaying phase of La Niña (El Niño), whereas the increased (decreased) rainfall in the dry season is related to the developing phase of La Niña (El Niño), with an apparent spatial incoherency of the SST–rainfall relationship in the wet season. For extremely wet cases of the wet season, local warm SST also contributes to the above-normal rainfall over the MC except for the western area of the MC due to the effect of the strong East Asian winter monsoon. The CFSv2 shows high skill in predicting the main features of MC rainfall variations and their relationships with ENSO and anomalies of the large-scale monsoon circulation, especially for strong ENSO years. It predicts the rainfall and its related circulation patterns skillfully in advance by several months, especially for the dry season. The relatively lower skill of predicting MC rainfall for the wet season is partly due to the low prediction skill of rainfall over Sumatra, Malay, and Borneo (SMB), as well as the unrealistically predicted relationship between SMB rainfall and ENSO.

scholarly journals Different El Niño Types and Tropical Cyclone Landfall in East Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 6510-6523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
H.-F. Graf ◽  
Yee Leung ◽  
Michael Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
East Asia ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Cp El Niño ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Ep El Niño

Abstract This study examines whether there exist significant differences in tropical cyclone (TC) landfall between central Pacific (CP) El Niño, eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño, and La Niña during the peak TC season (June–October) and how and to what extent CP El Niño influences TC landfall over East Asia for the period 1961–2009. The peak TC season is subdivided into summer [June–August (JJA)] and autumn [September–October (SO)]. The results are summarized as follows: (i) during the summer of CP El Niño years, TCs are more likely to make landfall over East Asia because of a strong easterly steering flow anomaly induced by the westward shift of the subtropical high and northward-shifted TC genesis. In particular, TCs have a greater probability of making landfall over Japan and Korea during the summer of CP El Niño years. (ii) In the autumn of CP El Niño years, TC landfall in most areas of East Asia, especially Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines, is likely to be suppressed because the large-scale circulation resembles that of EP El Niño years. (iii) During the whole peak TC season [June–October (JJASO)] of CP El Niño years, TCs are more likely to make landfall over Japan and Korea. TC landfall in East Asia as a whole has an insignificant association with CP El Niño during the peak TC season. In addition, more (less) TCs are likely to make landfall in China, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines during the peak TC season of La Niña (EP El Niño) years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document