Effect of Various Sensory Stimuli on Reflex Laryngeal Adduction

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Suzuki ◽  
Clarence T. Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Repetitive Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Various types of sensory stimuli may influence reflex laryngeal adduction. The recurrent laryngeal nerve responses evoked by single shock and repetitive electrical stimulation of a number of sensory nerves have been neurophysiologically observed in twenty-five adult cats. Stimulation of major cranial afferents produces strong adductor responses. The magnitude of these evoked responses is approached only by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve in the abdomen. On the other hand, comparable stimulation of special sensory and spinal somatic sensory nerves produces rapidly attenuated evoked adductor responses. We postulate that while these latter adductor responses may be insufficient to produce strong glottic closure, they may effectively modify phonatory function of the larynx. We have, therefore, attempted to demonstrate the effects of various sensory elicitations upon reflex laryngeal adduction as they may compositely influence both protective and phonatory control of this organ system.

Effects of bulbar stimulation and decerebration on visceral afferent responses in the spinal cord

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Tolle ◽  
Shaul Feldman ◽  
Carmine D. Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Relay Station ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Bulbar Stimulation ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

In a series of adult cats immobilized with Flaxedil, the splanchnic nerve was stimulated and visceral afferent responses were recorded in the cervical spinal cord. Simultaneous stimulation of the ventromedial reticular formation (2 volts, 100/sec., 1 msec.) caused an inhibition of the visceral afferent evoked responses central to the first relay station in the cord. Following decerebration, an extinction of evoked visceral afferent responses recorded in the spinal cord was constantly observed upon successive, single-shock, splanchnic nerve stimuli. This latter phenomenon is probably due to a removal of suprabulbar influences on brain stem reticular systems modulating sensory pathways.

Nucleus tractus solitarius and excitatory amino acids in afferent-evoked inspiratory termination

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1293-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Karius ◽  
L. Ling ◽  
D. F. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Nmda Antagonist ◽  
Intercostal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

This study tested the hypothesis that excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmission at non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA), but not NMDA, receptors within medial regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is required in the inspiratory termination elicited by vagal or intercostal nerve (ICN) stimulation. Adult cats were anesthetized, decerebrated, vagotomized, and ventilated. After control responses to stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), vagus, and ICN were obtained, EAA receptor antagonists were injected into the medial aspects of the NTS. Injections of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), EAA receptor antagonists; (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), an NMDA antagonist; or 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX), a non-NMDA antagonist, ipsilateral to the vagus abolished the termination response. The SLN-elicited response persisted after AP5 injection but was abolished by NBQX injections. The ICN-elicited response persisted after bilateral injections of CNQX/DNQX or procaine. We conclude that the inspiratory termination elicited by ICN stimulation is independent of the regions medial to the NTS. Inspiratory termination elicited by vagal or SLN stimulation requires non-NMDA-mediated EAA neurotransmission within medial aspects of the NTS, but the vagally elicited response also requires NMDA receptors.

scholarly journals Submicroscopic Changes of the Nerve Endings in the Adrenal Medulla after Stimulation of the Splanchnic Nerve

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo De Robertis ◽  
Alberto Vaz Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

The nerve endings of the adrenal medulla of the rabbit were studied under the electron microscope in the normal condition and after prolonged electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve. With a stimulus of 100 pulses per second for 10 minutes, there is an increase in the number of synaptic vesicles in the nerve ending. The mean number is of 82.6 vesicles per square micron in the normal and of 132.7 per square micron in the stimulated glands. With a stimulus of 400 pulses per second for 10 minutes, there is a considerable depletion of synaptic vesicles and other changes occur in the nerve endings. The mean number of vesicles is of 29.2 per square micron. These results are interpreted as indicative of an increased activity of the ending in one case, and as a diminished activity and fatigue of the synaptic junction in the other.

scholarly journals Long-loop pathways in cardiovascular electroacupuncture responses

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 620-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Stephanie C. Tjen-A-Looi ◽  
Zhi-Ling Guo ◽  
Liang-Wu Fu ◽  
John C. Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Neural Recording ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Homocysteic Acid ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

We have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at P 5–6 (overlying median nerves) activates arcuate (ARC) neurons, which excite the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and inhibit cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). To investigate whether the ARC inhibits rVLM activity directly or indirectly, we stimulated the splanchnic nerve to activate rVLM neurons. Micropipettes were inserted in the rVLM, vlPAG, and ARC for neural recording or injection. Microinjection of kainic acid (KA; 1 mM, 50 nl) in the ARC blocked EA inhibition of the splanchnic nerve stimulation-induced reflex increases in rVLM neuronal activity. Microinjection of d,l-homocysteic acid (4 nM, 50 nl) in the ARC, like EA, inhibited reflex increases in the rVLM neuronal discharge. The vlPAG neurons receive convergent input from the ARC, splanchnic nerve, P 5–6, and other acupoints. Microinjection of KA bilaterally into the rostral vlPAG partially reversed rVLM neuronal responses and cardiovascular inhibition during d,l-homocysteic acid stimulation of the ARC. On the other hand, injection of KA into the caudal vlPAG completely reversed these responses. We also observed that ARC neurons could be antidromically activated by stimulating the rVLM, and that ARC perikarya was labeled with retrograde tracer that had been microinjected into the rVLM. These neurons frequently contained β-endorphin and c-Fos, activated by EA stimulation. Therefore, the vlPAG, particularly, the caudal vlPAG, is required for ARC inhibition of rVLM neuronal activation and subsequent EA-related cardiovascular activation. Direct projections from the ARC to the rVLM, which serve as an important source of β-endorphin, appear also to exist.

Relation of sympathetic nervous system to blood pressure of bone marrow

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Herzig ◽  
Walter S. Root
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Amyl Nitrite ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Pressures in the femoral artery and in the marrow of the femur of adult cats anesthetized with Nembutal were measured, using 16 gauge needles and Stratham strain gauge transducers. Records were obtained by means of a Sanborn twin viso, model 60. Bone marrow pressures varied between 24 and 114 mm Hg in different animals. Occlusion of the arterial supply caused a fall in marrow pressure. Stimulation of the cut peripheral end of either vagus reduced both systemic and marrow pressures. Stimulation of the cut peripheral end of the splanchnic nerve, or intravenous injection of epinephrine or norepinephrine, increased systemic arterial pressure and decreased marrow pressure. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the abdominal sympathetic trunk reduced marrow pressure. The increase in systemic arterial pressure produced by occlusion of both carotid arteries is associated with an increase in marrow pressure. Marrow pressures are decreased after a large hemorrhage or when amyl nitrite is inhaled. Unilateral denervation of the blood vessels supplying the femur of a decerebrate cat produces a higher marrow pressure as compared with that present in the contralateral innervated femur.

scholarly journals An evoked potential mapping of transcallosal projections in the cat

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cukiert ◽  
C. Timo-Iaria
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Indirect Connection ◽  
Ketamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Potential Mapping ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

In ten adult cats anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride the neocortex was exposed and rectangular pulses (1msec, 0.5 Hz and variable intensity) were applied to discrete points of one side and transcallosal evoked potentials were recorded from the other. The stimulation and recording positions were determined on a cartesian map of most of the exposable neocortical areas and the potentials were analysed as to their components, voltage and latency. Passive spread and electrotonic potentials and the effects of increasing frequency were also analysed. The results showed large transcallosal potentials in some areas and an increase of potentials in the caudorostral direction, attaining the highest values in anteromedial areas of the suprasylvian gyrus. Confirming anatomical studies, a few silent spots were found in the motor and somesthetic cortex and in restricted posterior regions of the visual cortex, where small or zero voltages occurred. While causing weak contralateral potentials, stimulation of some posterior sites provoked high voltage potentials in anterior regions of the side being stimulated and in the corresponding area of the opposite site. These posterior sites are. poorly interconnected by the corpus callosum. The L-shaped indirect connection described in this work may be involved in some types of epilepsy and may explain the effectiveness of partial callosotomy in their treatment.

Vagal and Sympathetic Innervation of the Stomach in the Skate

1935 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Babkin ◽  
M. H. F. Friedman ◽  
M. E. MacKay-Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Local Contraction ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Stimulation Of

The distribution of autonomic nerves to the gastro-intestinal tract in Raja diaphanes and R. stabuliforis is described and figured. Stimulation of the vagus or of the anterior splanchnic nerve produces movements of the stomach, much stronger for the latter nerve. Stimulation of first one nerve, then the other, results in a summation of the two effects. Stimulation (if weak) of a branch of the vagus produces local contraction only. Atropine stimulates stomach movements without interfering with the effects of nerve stimulation. Small doses of adrenaline in lateral vein produce movements in same order as after stimulation of the sympathetic (anterior splanchnic).

Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission in superior laryngeal nerve-evoked inspiratory termination

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1840-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Karius ◽  
L. Ling ◽  
D. F. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Inspiratory Motor ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) stimulation elicits a transient inhibition of inspiration (single shocks) or inspiratory termination (stimulus trains). The neural pathways mediating these responses are unknown, but the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS) has been implicated in the termination reflex. This study tested the hypothesis that SLN-evoked inspiratory termination requires excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmission in medial aspects of the NTS. Experiments were conducted in decerebrate, vagotomized, and paralyzed adult cats. Inspiratory motor output was recorded from the phrenic nerve. After control responses to SLN stimulation were recorded, a unilateral injection of the EAA antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX, 10 mM) was made into the mNTS. The transient inhibitions were not altered by DNQX. Inspiratory termination elicited by stimulation of the SLN contralateral to the injection persisted after DNQX (n = 4). Stimulation of the ipsilateral SLN no longer elicited termination (5 of 9 animals) or did so only at greatly elevated thresholds (4 of 9). We conclude that EAA neurotransmission in the mNTS is not required in the transient reflex but is necessary for the production of the SLN-evoked inspiratory termination.

Pyriform Responses to Electrical Stimulation of Olfactory Fila, Bulb and Tract

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. MacLean ◽  
Burton S. Rosner ◽  
Franklin Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Posttetanic Potentiation ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Pyriform Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Single shock stimulation of the olfactory fila in anesthetized animals evokes slow potentials from the olfactory bulb and pyriform cortex. Conduction velocity in the fila is estimated at 0.4 m/sec. Repetitive electrical stimulation of fila, bulb or tract, produces four phenomena in the pyriform cortex: a) gradual recruitment with low frequency stimulation (3–30/sec.); b) alternation in size of evoked responses at frequencies of 6/sec. and above; c) decline in amplitude of responses with frequencies above 20/sec. (‘decrementation’); and d) posttetanic potentiation after stimulation of the olfactory bulb or tract. Potentiation may persist for several minutes following tetanization of the tract. Recruitment and decrementation are observed in the bulb also upon stimulation of the fila.

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