Multisite Simultaneous Neural Recording of Motor Pathway in Free-Moving Rats

Neural interfaces typically focus on one or two sites in the motoneuron system simultaneously due to the limitation of the recording technique, which restricts the scope of observation and discovery of this system. Herein, we built a system with various electrodes capable of recording a large spectrum of electrophysiological signals from the cortex, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles of freely moving animals. The system integrates adjustable microarrays, floating microarrays, and microwires to a commercial connector and cuff electrode on a wireless transmitter. To illustrate the versatility of the system, we investigated its performance for the behavior of rodents during tethered treadmill walking, untethered wheel running, and open field exploration. The results indicate that the system is stable and applicable for multiple behavior conditions and can provide data to support previously inaccessible research of neural injury, rehabilitation, brain-inspired computing, and fundamental neuroscience.

Fabrication of Planar Microelectrode Array Using Laser-Patterned ITO and SU-8

For several decades, microelectrode array (MEA) has been a powerful tool for in vitro neural electrophysiology because it provides a unique approach for monitoring the activity of a number of neurons over time. Due to the various applications of MEAs with different types of cells and tissues, there is an increasing need to customize the electrode designs. However, the fabrication of conventional MEAs requires several microfabrication procedures of deposition, etching, and photolithography. In this study, we proposed a simple fabrication method with a laser-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) conductor and SU-8 photoresist insulation. Unlike in a conventional metal patterning process, only the outlines of ITO conductors are ablated by laser without removing background ITO. Insulation is achieved simply via SU-8 photolithography. The electrode sites are electroplated with iridium oxide (IrOX) to improve the electrochemical properties. The fabricated MEAs are electrochemically characterized and the stability of insulation is also confirmed by impedance monitoring for three weeks. Dissociated neurons of rat hippocampi are cultured on MEAs to verify the biocompatibility and the capacity for extracellular neural recording. The electrochemical and electrophysiological results with the fabricated MEAs are similar to those from conventional SiNX-insulated MEAs. Therefore, the proposed MEA with laser-patterned ITO and SU-8 is cost-effective and equivalently feasible compared with the conventional MEAs fabricated using thin-film microfabrication techniques.