What Context Matters and at What Level? A Test of Racial/Ethnic Threat, Symbolic Threat, and Structural Inequality Perspectives in Juvenile Court Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872093834
Author(s):  
Michael J. Leiber ◽  
Ellen A. Donnelly ◽  
Yunmei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Zip Code

Do traditional theories of conflict influence juvenile court decision-making and explain racial/ethnic disparities? Racial/ethnic threat, symbolic threat, and structural inequality perspectives purport social controls increase when groups differ in race, ethnicity, or class. Scholarship tends to test one perspective at a time and use county as a unit of analysis. Taking a comparative approach, this study evaluates whether contextual indicators of these three theories, measured at the county- and zip code-levels, contribute to Black-White and Latino-White disparities in court decisions. Multilevel models reveal weak and partial support for each perspective. More effects appear at the zip code-level, indicating conflict may occur within rather than across courts. Macro-level theories must then be reconsidered to describe modern-day juvenile court proceedings.

Treatment Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 573-577
Author(s):  
Allison Marziliano ◽  
Michael A. Diefenbach
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Decision Tools ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This chapter focuses on the different facets of treatment decision making that have been empirically derived and are part of the peer-reviewed literature. These facets are approaches of treatment decision making (i.e. exploration and uptake of shared decision making, the current gold standard of treatment decision making); optimal treatment decision making (i.e. barriers and facilitators to engaging in optimal treatment decision making); support for treatment decision making (i.e. decision tools, nomograms, and seeking guidance on the Internet); the psychosocial state of patients following treatment decisions; and considerations related to studying treatment decision making (i.e. racial/ethnic disparities, cultural differences in decision making). Areas in which research is lacking or nonexistent (i.e. ensuring the patient understands the goals of treatment before making a treatment decision) are also highlighted as directions for future research.

Shared Decision Making and Treatment for Minority Children With ADHD

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Melanie Sberna Hinojosa ◽  
Ramon Hinojosa ◽  
Jenny Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Multiracial Families ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Shared decision making (SDM) involves the patient and family in medical decisions regarding treatment. The purpose of this article is to utilize the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health to explore whether family engagement in SDM increases the odds of treatment for children with ADHD, and more specifically, if the presence of SDM is associated with the reduction of racial and ethnic disparities in treatment. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the odds of treatment for each racial/ethnic group controlling for sociodemographic and health-related variables. Results indicated that White and Multiracial families engaged in SDM were twice as likely to report treatment for ADHD. Black and Latinx families, however, showed no difference in treatment for ADHD when SDM was present. Based on these findings, we conclude that SDM may be less important for Black and Latinx families when making treatment decisions for children with ADHD.

Racial Disparities in Use of Chiropractic Services by Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 65 to 99 in Los Angeles County, California

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Whedon ◽  
Melissa N. Kimura ◽  
Reed B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
State Level ◽  
Chiropractic Care ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Zip Code

Racial and ethnic disparities in utilization of chiropractic services have been described at the state level, but little is known about such local disparities. We analyzed Medicare data for the year 2008 to evaluate by ZIP code for utilization of chiropractic services among older adults in Los Angeles County, California. We evaluated for availability and use of chiropractic services by racial/ethnic category, quantified geographic variations by coefficient of variation, and mapped utilization by selected racial/ethnic categories. Among 7502 beneficiaries who used chiropractic services, 72% were white, 12% Asian, 1% black, 1% Hispanic, and 14% other/unknown. Variation in the number of beneficiaries per ZIP code who used chiropractic services was highest among Hispanics, blacks, and Asians. We found evidence of racial disparities in use of chiropractic services at the local level in Los Angeles County. Older blacks and Hispanics in Los Angeles County may be underserved with regard to chiropractic care.

Cumulative Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Potentially Capital Cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249
Author(s):  
Nick Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Multiple Stages

To understand how racial/ethnic disparities are formed and sustained within death penalty institutions, this study tracks homicide cases through multiple stages of Los Angeles County’s criminal justice system. Drawing upon cumulative disadvantage research, this study focuses on the accumulation of racial/ethnic biases across multiple decision-making points. Logistic regressions seek to answer the following questions: (1) does victim/defendant race/ethnicity influence prosecutorial decision-making? and (2) if so, do these racial/ethnic disparities accumulate across multiple stages of the criminal justice system? Results indicate that cases with minority victims are less likely to involve a death-eligible charge or death notice. Moreover, these racial/ethnic disparities increase as cases advance through the courts, producing a Whiter pool of victims at later stages in the process. Defendant race/ethnicity is not predictive of death penalty charging decisions but does moderate the influence of victim race/ethnicity such that cases with minority defendants and White victims are treated more punitively.

Juvenile Court Outcomes for Retail Offenders: An Examination of Offense Type, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110226
Author(s):  
Richard L. Elligson ◽  
Jennifer H. Peck ◽  
James V. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Offense Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Judicial Outcomes ◽  
Extralegal Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Using all delinquency referrals in a Northeast state, the current study examined how youth charged with retail offenses differed from other offense types across multiple juvenile court outcomes (i.e., petition, adjudication, and disposition). The individual and joint effects of a juvenile’s sex and race/ethnicity were also investigated to determine whether these extralegal factors conditioned the relationship between offense type and juvenile system processing. Findings indicate that at each decision-making stage, retail offenders were significantly more likely to be treated with leniency compared to other offense types. The results also reinforced the continued impact of sex and race/ethnicity on shaping judicial outcomes at each stage. Implications regarding the processing of juvenile retail offenders and the influence of juvenile characteristics on juvenile court decision-making are discussed.

Predictors of Juvenile Court Actions and Recidivism

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin I. Minor ◽  
David J. Hartmann ◽  
Sue Terry
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Extralegal Factors ◽  
Juvenile Justice Policy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relevant Factors

Variables related to court decision making and recidivism over a two-year follow-up were studied in a group of 475 first-time referrals to a juvenile court. Recidivism was associated with extralegal factors more consistently than were court actions except on the age variable. Court actions were more strongly related to legally relevant factors and, like the referral offense variable, failed to predict recidivism. The court's extensive and repeated reliance on diversion (vs. formal petitioning of cases) did not generate high recidivism levels, implying a need to reconsider the recent “get tough” orientation of juvenile justice policy.

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