Toward Understanding Trust: A Response to Adams and Miskell

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Romero ◽  
Douglas E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Educational Administration ◽  
Successful Schools ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multifactor Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Teacher Trust ◽  
District Administration ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose: Trust is a key component of successful schools. Although scholars widely agree that trust is multifaceted, there is less agreement about the number and nature of these factors. In the October 2016 issue of Educational Administration Quarterly, C. M. Adams and Miskell argued that their Teacher Trust of District Administration Scale provided evidence that trust is a single factor that cannot be unpacked, and that our three-factor theory of trust, which asserts that trust involves the discernment of benevolence, competence, and integrity, is invalid. We find multiple conceptual and methodological flaws in their reasoning. Method/Approach: We analyze data provided by C. M. Adams and Miskell that were used in their original 2016 article. The data set includes responses from 606 teachers in 72 schools to the 10 survey questions that comprise the Teacher Trust of District Administration Scale. We reproduce and critique the results of four models presented, and corrected, by C. M. Adams and Miskell, and present an alternative second-order model of trust with three first-order factors representing benevolence, competence, and integrity. Findings and Implications: Consistent with theory, we find that trust is more appropriately modeled as a multifactor construct. A multifactor model of trust is not merely an advance in measurement, it has important, actionable implications for research and practice. Measuring trust as a second-order factor, with first-order factors benevolence, competence, and integrity, positions us to make more nuanced judgements about trust, more easily diagnose problems, and prescribe interventions needed to develop, maintain, or repair trust in schools.

scholarly journals Can We Compare Solidarity Across Europe? What, Why, When, and How to Assess Exact and Approximate Equivalence of First- and Second-Order Factor Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lomazzi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Alignment Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Political Values ◽  
First Order ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
European Values ◽  
Order Factor

Although measurement invariance is widely considered a precondition for meaningful cross-sectional comparisons, substantive studies have often neglected evaluating this assumption, thereby risking drawing conclusions and making theoretical generalizations based on misleading results. This study offers a theoretical overview of the key issues concerning the measurement and the comparison of socio-political values and aims to answer the questions of what must be evaluated, why, when, and how to assess measurement equivalence. This paper discusses the implications of formative and reflective approaches to the measurement of socio-political values and introduces challenges in their comparison across different countries. From this perspective, exact and approximate approaches to equivalence are described as well as their empirical translation in statistical techniques, such as the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and the frequentist alignment method. To illustrate the application of these methods, the study investigates the construct of solidarity as measured by European Values Study (EVS) and using data collected in 34 countries in the last wave of the EVS (2017–2020). The concept is captured through a battery of nine items reflecting three dimensions of solidarity: social, local, and global. Two measurement models are hypothesized: a first-order factor model, in which the three independent dimensions of solidarity are correlated, and a second-order factor model, in which solidarity is conceived according to a hierarchical principle, and the construct of solidarity is reflected in the three sub-factors. In testing the equivalence of the first-order factor model, the results of the MGCFA indicated that metric invariance was achieved. The alignment method supported approximate equivalence only when the model was reduced to two factors, excluding global solidarity. The second-order factor model fit the data of only seven countries, in which this model could be used to study solidarity as a second-order concept. However, the comparison across countries resulted not appropriate at any level of invariance. Finally, the implications of these results for further substantive research are discussed.

scholarly journals Examining the Impostor-Profile—Is There a General Impostor Characteristic?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Ibrahim ◽  
Johann-Christoph Münscher ◽  
Philipp Yorck Herzberg
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Impostor Phenomenon ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Order Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Best Fit

The Impostor-Profile (IPP) is a six-dimensional questionnaire measuring the Impostor Phenomenon facets. This study aims to test (a) the appropriateness of a total score, (b) measurement invariance (MI) between gender, (c) the reliability of the IPP, and (d) the convergent validity of the IPP subscales. The sample consisted of N = 482 individuals (64% female). To identify whether the scales of the IPP form a total score, we compared four models: (1) six correlating subscales, (2) a general factor model, (3) a second-order model with one second-order factor and six first-order factors, and (4) a bifactorial model with six group factors. The bifactorial model obtained the best fit. This supports the assumption of a total impostor score. The inspection of structural validity between gender subgroups showed configural, metric, and partial scalar MI. Factor mean comparisons supported the assumption that females and males differ in latent means of the Impostor Phenomenon expressions. The omega coefficients showed sufficient reliability (≥0.71), except for the subscale Need for Sympathy. Overall, the findings of the bifactor model fit and construct validity support the assumption that the measurement through total expression is meaningful in addition to the theoretically formulated multidimensionality of the Impostor Phenomenon.

Die persoonlikheidsprofiel van suksesvolle bewakingsdienspersoneel

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Nell ◽  
L. Kamfer ◽  
R. P. Van Der Merwe ◽  
D. J. L. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
First Order ◽  
Correctional Services ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Independent Criterion ◽  
Better Than

The personality profile of successful prison warders. In an attempt to develop a personality profile for successful prison warders, scores on CattelFs 16-PF (SA92-form) were obtained from 361 warders employed by the South African Department of Correctional Services. Independent criterion information (tempo of promotion) was also obtained and used as indicator of job success. Using Hotelling's T2, it was found that the first order factor profiles of successful and unsuccessful warders differed significantly. There was no difference in their second order profiles. By means of stepwise discriminant analysis with personality as independent and success (expressed as a dichotomy) as the dependant variable, four first order factors were identified and formulae derived which predicted 14,8 better than chance whether a warder would be correctly classified as successful or not on the dichotomous success criterion. Opsomming In 'n poging om 'n persoonlikheidsprofiel vir suksesvolle bewakingsdienspersoneel saam te stel, is response op Cattell se 16-PF (SA92-vorm) vanaf 361 bewakingsdienspersoneellede werksaam by die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, verkry. Inligting in terme van onafhanklike kriterium (tempo van bevordering) is ook verkry en gebruik as aanduiding van werksukses. Deur die gebruik van Hotelling se T2 is bepaal dat die ecrsteorde profiele van suksesvolle en onsuksesvolle bewakingsdienslede beduidend van mekaar verskil. Daar is geen beduidende verskil ten opsigte van die tweedeorde profiele gevind nie. Deur middel van stapsgewyse diskriminantontleding, met persoonlikheid as onafhanklike en sukses (uitgedruk as 'n digotomie) as afhanklike veranderlike, is vier eersteorde faktore geidentifiseer en formules saamgestel wat 14,8 beter as toeval kan voorspel of "n persoon suksesvol of onsuksesvol volgens die digotomiese sukseskriterium sal wees.

An Assessment of the Dimensionality of Three SAT-Verbal Test Editions

1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Cook ◽  
Neil J. Dorans ◽  
Daniel R. Eignor
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Correlation Matrices ◽  
First Order ◽  
Irt Models ◽  
Verbal Test ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Effective Dimensionality

A strong assumption made by most commonly used item response theory (IRT) models is that the data are unidimensional, that is, statistical dependence among item scores can be explained by a single ability dimension. First-order and second-order factor analyses were conducted on correlation matrices among item parcels of SAT-Verbal items. The item parcels were constructed to yield correlation matrices that were amenable to linear factor analyses. The first-order analyses were employed to assess the effective dimensionality of the item parcel data. Second-order analyses were employed to test meaningful hypotheses about the structure of the data. Parcels were constructed for three SAT-Verbal editions. The dimensionality analyses revealed that one SAT-Verbal test edition was less parallel to the other two editions than these other editions were to each other. Refinements in the dimensionality methodology and a more systematic dimensionality assessment are logical extensions of the present research.

Structure and Measurement of Life Satisfaction in Asian Countries: An Exploratory Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
WOLFGANG JAGODZINSKI
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
General Life Satisfaction ◽  
Weighted Factor ◽  
Life Satisfaction Index

The relationship between specific and global measures of life satisfaction or happiness is usually seen as an asymmetric bottom-up relationship. Domain satisfaction and general satisfaction are independently measured and the typical question is whether the former has an impact on the latter or to what extent the former contributes to the latter. This paper, in contrast, investigates whether general life satisfaction can be statisti-cally derived from domain-specific satisfaction. It is suggested to conceptualize life satisfaction as a second-order factor, which is only indirectly related to observable variables. In the first part of the empirical analysis, it is shown that such a model fits the data of the first AsiaBarometer quite well. The factor models for the Asian countries under investigation are not equivalent but strikingly similar. The four first-order factors refer to satisfaction with (1) the family, (2) social status and social health, (3) economic status, and (4) collective goods. These factors load highly on a second-order factor, which is called general life satisfaction.The results suggest the calculation of a specifically weighted factor score for each country and to base the further analyses on these scores. In the second part of the empirical investigation, it is demonstrated, however, that simple unweighted indices, which are calculated under the assumption of meaning equivalence, are very highly correlated with the country-specific factor scores. The further analysis is therefore based on an unweighted index.In the last part of the empirical study, the reliability and validity of the life satisfaction index is examined and compared with the validity of a single indicator of overall happiness. Similar variables are used in many international surveys. Index and indicator are moderately correlated. It is shown that the life satisfaction index on average correlates higher with well-established determinants of happiness than the single item. This is particularly true for the pooled international data set, which includes the data from all participating countries. Accordingly, indices seem to be more reliable and valid measures of general life satisfaction, and may be better suited for comparative analyses at least for the countries under investigation.

Cognitive Correlates of Complexity of Children's Drawings

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Bensur ◽  
John Eliot ◽  
Laxmin Hegde
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
General Factor ◽  
First Order ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Spatial Intelligence ◽  
Spatial Factor ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Drawing Tasks

240 children (60 each at ages 4, 6, 8, and 10 years) were administered Dennis' (1987) Five Drawing Tasks and five additional developmental tasks. Three hypotheses were tested: that object recognition and working memory would be related to increasing complexity, that both would load on separate factors, and that higher-order analyses would indicate an underlying second-order spatial factor. Analysis included very strong zero-order correlations with age. When age was partialed out, three first-order factors were obtained. Higher-order analyses yielded one second-order factor which appeared related to a general factor of spatial intelligence.

scholarly journals Measuring Total Rewards Satisfaction: A Scale Development Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeeta Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
First Order ◽  
Total Rewards ◽  
Order Construct ◽  
Confirmatory Analysis

<p></p><div> <p></p><p>Total Rewards Strategy has been used as a viable strategy to motivate and retain employees across sectors. It has also been widely studied by the scholars and researchers across the globe leading to a number of scales measuring total rewards measuring preferences, and perceptions, ignoring its satisfaction aspect. However, the existing scales have been found to display construct related weaknesses in terms of under-representation of total rewards as a multidimensional construct and measuring it as a reflective higher-order construct. Analyzing findings of literature review and factor analyses, the authors confirm total rewards as a second-order formative construct. The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measure of total rewards satisfaction (TRS) as a formative higher order construct. Different phases of quantitative validations were carried out with a new data set for each of the studies viz. content validity (n = 13 experts), exploratory factor analysis (n = 180) for determining factorial structure of the scale, first-order confirmatory composite analysis (n = 215) and second-order confirmatory analysis (n= 120) confirm a six-dimensional structure of 23-item TRS scale. The psychometric properties of the scale have also been reported. The scale demonstrates internal consistence, reliability and construct validity.</p><br><p></p></div><p></p>

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire with an Intercollegiate Sample

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuzhong Li ◽  
Peter Harmer
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Group Environment Questionnaire

This study was designed to assess the factorial construct validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985) within a hypothesis-testing framework. Data were collected from 173 male and 148 female intercollegiate athletes. Based on Carron et al.’s (1985) conceptual model of group cohesion, the study examined (a) the extent to which the first-order four-factor model could be confirmed with an intercollegiate athlete sample and (b) the degree to which higher order factors could account for the covariation among the four first-order factors. The a priori models of GEQ, including both the first- and second-order factor models, were tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). CFA results showed that the theoretically specified first- and second-order factor models fit significantly better than all alternative models. These results demonstrated that the GEQ possesses adequate factorial validity and reliability as a measure of the sport group cohesion construct for an intercollegiate athlete sample.

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