Driver Reaction to a Technical Safety Measure—Studded Tires

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kåre Rumar ◽  
Ulf Berggrund ◽  
Per Jernberg ◽  
Uno Ytterbom
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Maximum Friction ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
The Town ◽  
Technical Safety ◽  
Real Traffic ◽  
Made In

An investigation was conducted to determine if drivers of vehicles with studded tires are making use of the increased coefficient of friction on icy roads to maintain a higher speed or to drive at a higher level of safety than do drivers with unstudded tires. Speeds, following-distances, and presence of studded tires were checked on several thousand vehicles in real traffic during early morning hours. The sample studied consisted of drivers in traffic between a suburb and the town of Uppsala. The measurements were carried out with traffic analyzers and studded-tires indicators on two consecutive curves. Studies were made in both dry and icy road conditions. The safety level was calculated in the following ways: (1) the quotient between coefficient of friction used and the maximum friction available in the curve, and (2) the quotient between actual speed and the highest possible speed in the curve. The results showed that, although drivers with vehicles equipped with studded tires are driving somewhat faster than drivers with unstudded tires in icy (low friction) road conditions, this increase in speed does not lead to lower safety. On the contrary, drivers with studded tires are, on the average, driving with larger safety margins than drivers with unstudded tires. In dry (high friction) road conditions, no clear differences in safety or speed were found.

scholarly journals Observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea

1910 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

The following observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea were made in Mansfield during the summer and autumn of 1908. The fact that at the time the writer was engaged in preparing a paper—to which the present paper is to some extent complementary—upon the epidemiological relations of season and disease, lent special interest to the enquiries regularly made from the Health Department of this town into the circumstances attending fatal attacks of diarrhoea. Early in the season a more than usually extensive enquiry was made into one of these fatal attacks in an area where an outbreak of diarrhoea appeared to be spreading outwards from a group of old privy-middens. To test how far the condemnation of the latter was justifiable another area was taken on the other side of the town, where the houses were newly built and provided exclusively with water-closets; and records, collected by house-to-house visitation, were obtained of all cases of epidemic diarrhoea, whether non-fatal or otherwise, occurring in these localities. The enquiries thus begun were afterwards extended so as to embrace two fairly large districts, a chance of doing this being provided by the opportune postponement of the addition to the department of certain work of inspection which had been impending at the beginning of the summer. These districts were several times revisited and scattered observations were also made throughout the other parts of the town. During 1909, while there was no opportunity of making extended observations, there were valuable opportunities during the course of the routine inspections of the summer of testing and re-testing the principal results obtained during 1908.

scholarly journals First bioacoustic and morphological data for the presence of Pelophylax bedriagae in Bulgaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Simeon Lukanov ◽  
Georgi Popgeorgiev ◽  
Nikolay Tzankov
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Water Frog ◽  
Pelophylax Ridibundus ◽  
Mating Calls ◽  
The Town ◽  
Pelophylax Bedriagae ◽  
Made In

AbstractWater frog mating calls from two localities were studied and analyzed. Recordings were made in the summer of 2010 at the Arkutino swamp near the town of Primorsko and at the Vurbitza River near the town of Momchilgrad. A total of 154 calls were analyzed and the results suggested the presence of both the Marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) and the Levant frog (Pelophylax bedriagae) in both sites, with the former being more frequent in Vurbitza River, and the latter – in Arkutino. At Vurbitza, we also captured and measured 2 specimens, which morphological characteristics differed from P. ridibundus and matched those of P. bedriagae. These are the first localities for P. bedriagae in Bulgaria.

A Bastion of the Town Wall of London, and the Sepulchral Monument of the Procurator Julius Classicianus

1936 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
East Side ◽  
The North ◽  
Inner Circle ◽  
External Face ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Excavations made in June 1935 for the foundations of a new sub-station of the London Passenger Transport Board at Trinity Place, Trinity Square, E.C., brought to light some remains of the Roman town wall of London. A large portion of the medieval superstructure is still standing on the east side of Trinity Place, and to the north of this the Inner Circle Railway runs in a cutting under the roadway. The construction of this cutting involved the removal of a length of 73 ft. of the wall in 1882 (R.C.H.M. Roman London, 83). The site of the discoveries to be described here was immediately behind the southern retaining wall of the cutting. Both faces of the Roman wall were exposed at this point, and could be examined in detail, and against the external face was a fragment of one of the later Roman bastions (pl. 1). These remains were investigated by the writer on behalf of this Society, and the Passenger Transport Board kindly granted all necessary facilities, and rendered every possible assistance.

scholarly journals Recent discoveries in Eastern Cilicia

1890 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Theodore Bent
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Great Plain ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Hearing of extensive and unidentified ruins on the banks of the river Jeihan (the ancient Pyramus) at a spot now called Bodroum to the east of the Cilician plain, just as the river enters the plain from the gorges of the Anti-Taurus, we determined to visit the site. The result of our explorations, made in the early months of this year, are as follows.Our route took us past the rock of Anazarba and Kars Bazaar, at which places we decided to spend a few days, and though the spots have both been previously described we were able to add a few points to the information concerning them, both epigraphical and topographical.Anazarba.—Caesarea penes Anazarbum, as Ptolemy calls it, was second only in importance to Tarsus of the cities of Cilicia during the days of imperial Rome, and was the metropolis of the eastern portion of the great plain. The town was built at the foot of a long rocky mountain, rising like an island out of the plain for the extent of three miles and attaining an altitude of 2,000 feet. The walls as they at present stand are of Armenian and Saracenic construction, enclosing a parallelogram, one side of which is protected by the mountain; but they contain many portions of Roman work, notably the great southern gate formed by a triumphal arch erected in the time of Justinian, when that emperor restored the town after it had been ruined by an earthquake.

scholarly journals The Red Gown: Reflections on the Visual History of Menstruation in Scotland

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Mørk Røstvik ◽  
Bee Hughes ◽  
Catherine Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
First Century ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Over the last decades, menstruation has become more present in public discourse in Scotland.While scholars are increasingly documenting this change, little attention has been paid to therole of menstrual art made in Scotland. In this article, we explore the historic contexts ofmenstrual art in the town of St Andrews and in Scotland during the late twentieth and earlytwenty-first century, and ask what this reveals about menstrual absence and presence in publicdebates. We do this in collaboration with artist Bee Hughes, whose practice focuses on thevisible and invisible aspects of menstruation, and who was artist in residence at St Andrews in2020. Due to a university strike and a pandemic, our collaboration changed and subsequentlyfocused more on the histories of menstrual art. We thus assess symbols and collections ofmenstrual visual culture in Scotland, including the use of the ceremonial red gown at theUniversity of St Andrews, and menstrual art collections at Glasgow Women’s Library and StAndrews Special Collections. Together, we reflect on how their histories might be both present(institutionalised) and absent (when not on display). This paper presents the first stage of ourfindings, in which the artist reflects on their first visit to St Andrews prior to a university strikeand the Covid-19 pandemic, and the historic materials we located together.@font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Times;panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;mso-font-alt:﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽man;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:auto;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185562 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, 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scholarly journals VII. Observations of the aurora borealis made in England by Andr. Celsius, F. R. S. and Secr. R. S. of Upsal in Sweden

1735 ◽  
Vol 39 (441) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Sept . 13, 1735, in the Town of Woodford , six Miles to the North East of London , at 11½ h.

The Spanish-Dutch War and the Policy of the Spanish Crown toward the Town of Sao Paulo

Itinerario ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125
Author(s):  
Rafael Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In ◽  
United Provinces

Historians have made in depth studies on the consequences of the Dutch incursions and invasion into the north and northwest of Brazil, for both the Spanish Empire and the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic. The purpose of this paper is to show that the war between Spain and the Dutch Republic also affected the south of Brazil and that it forced Spain to adopt measures that altered the policy of the Spanish Crown regarding Sao Paulo.

Study of the micro/nano-texture design to improve the friction properties of DLC thin films

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140027
Author(s):  
Young Woo Kwon ◽  
Mun Ki Bae ◽  
Ri-Ichi Murakami ◽  
Tae Hwan Jang ◽  
Tae Gyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Frictional Wear ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Surface Contact Area ◽  
Photolithography Process ◽  
Texture Design ◽  
Pattern Width

In this study, a DLC pattern was fabricated through a photolithography process that constitutes a part of the semiconductor process, to investigate the frictional wear characteristics. The photolithography was used to produce negative patterns with a pattern width of 10 [Formula: see text]m or 20 [Formula: see text]m and a pattern depth of 500 nm on the DLC surface. The change in the coefficient of friction of the surface was investigated through a ball-on-disk tribology test on the fabricated micro/nano-sized DLC pattern. The DLC pattern fabricated by the photolithography process showed a superior coefficient of friction to that of the general DLC sample. These results show that the decrease in the surface friction coefficient of the patterned DLC thin film is due to the reduction in the surface contact area owing to the modification of the micro/nano-texture of the surface as well as the low friction characteristics of the DLC.

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