Martin Luther and the Jews: How Protestant Churches in Germany Deal with the Reformer’s Dark Side

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-234
Author(s):  
Martin Hauger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
World War ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
Reformation Theology ◽  
Anti Jewish

Despite the fact that Luther was referenced in order to justify anti-Semitic hatred of Jews during the time of National Socialism it took the German evangelical churches almost forty years to get round to intensively working through Luther’s anti-Jewish Statements and their effects through history. During the first decades after World War II, intra-church discussion focused on working through its own guilt (1945–1950) and finding a new direction for theology concerning Israel (1960–1980). However, the 500th anniversary of Luther’s birth in 1983 fueled a discussion about the Reformer’s attitude towards the Jews. It centered, first, on the question of how to assess the anti-Semitic co-option of Luther in the Nazi period; second, on how Luther’s friendly statements towards Jews in his early years relate to the invective of his late writings. The latest EKD statement turns away from a genetic view of Luther towards an appraisal of his theological assessment of Judaism in connection with his Reformation theology.

Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II

2008 ◽  
pp. 177-205
Author(s):  
Adam Kopciowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Anti Jewish

In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region

After Cloven Tongues of Fire: Ecumenical Protestantism and the Modern American Encounter with Diversity

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Numbers Game ◽  
Mainline Protestant

This chapter addresses the question of why “mainline” Protestant churches experienced a dramatic loss of numbers from the mid-1960s through the early twenty-first century, while the evangelical churches grew. It argues that evangelicals triumphed in the numbers game by continuing to espouse several ideas about race, gender, sexuality, nationality, and divinity that remained popular with the white public when these same ideas were abandoned by leaders of the mainline, ecumenical churches as no longer defensible. The chapter also considers the historical significance of ecumenical Protestantism for U.S. history since World War II. It argues that it facilitated an engagement with many aspects of a diverse modernity that millions of Americans would not have achieved without the support and guidance of the ecumenical churches.

Spain

2019 ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bazyler ◽  
Kathryn Lee Boyd ◽  
Kristen L. Nelson ◽  
Rajika L. Shah
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
World War ◽  
Francisco Franco ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Property Restitution

Spain is typically described as having been a neutral country during World War II. However, during the war, the Fascist ideology of Spain’s General Francisco Franco was closely aligned to that of the Nazis’ National Socialism. Unlike Hitler’s Germany, however, Franco’s Spain did not enact anti-Jewish policies or engage in the persecution of Jews. More than 25,000 Jews were able to escape Nazi-controlled Europe to Spain during the war. No immovable property—private, communal, or heirless—was taken from Jews or other targeted groups in Spain during the war. As a result, no immovable property restitution laws were required. Spain endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.

Zajścia antyżydowskie na Lubelszczyźnie w pierwszych latach po drugiej wojnie światowej

2007 ◽  
pp. 178-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kopciowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Anti Jewish

In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 19441946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region

Madeleine Dring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Brister ◽  
Jay Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Art Songs ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Full Time ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Piano Students ◽  
Television Shows

This book is the first scholarly biography of Madeleine Dring (1923–1977). Using diaries, letters, and extensive archival research, the narrative examines her career and explores her music. The story of Dring’s life begins with her formal training at the Royal College of Music, first in the Junior Department and then as a full-time student, a period that also covers her personal experience of events both leading up to and during the early years of World War II. Her career is traced in detail through radio and television shows and West End revues, all productions for which she wrote music, as well as her work as an actor. Dring’s most important contemporaries are briefly discussed in relation to her life, including her teachers at the Royal College of Music, professional connections such as Felicity Gray and Laurier Lister, and her husband Roger Lord. Her musical compositions are surveyed, from the earliest works she wrote as a student to the art songs she wrote in her last years, along with various popular numbers for revues and numerous piano pieces for beginning piano students as well as those suitable for the concert hall. Each chapter singles out one or more of these works for detailed description and analysis, with attention to the qualities that characterize her distinctive musical style.

Wartime San Francisco’s Pragmatic Religious Institution

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-154
Author(s):  
Amanda Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
World War

Chapter 3 focuses closely on the ways in which Thurman’s inherent pragmatism—specifically his social activism centered on pluralism and mysticism—was represented within the Fellowship Church. It explores the years of Thurman’s direction between 1944 and 1953, as he is overwhelmingly accepted to be the primary leader of the institution and the groundwork he set during his tenure continues to frame its spiritual and philosophical character today. Chapter 3 traces the early years of the Fellowship Church during the tumultuous yet promising World War II era and explores its experimentation with affirmation mysticism. Examining both the pluralistic make-up of the congregation and the means by which Thurman tried to elicit moments of heightened consciousness, the chapter highlights and evaluates the ways in which the institution aimed to incite social activism through spiritual pursuit.

The Price of Failure

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Anand Toprani
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
World War ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Energy Needs

This chapter provides critical assessment of Britain’s post-World War I oil strategy and details the strategic consequences of its failure during the early years of World War II. It reveals the irreconcilable dilemma that doomed Britain’s attempts to satisfy its energy needs independently in wartime: a shortage of tankers and foreign exchange. Reducing the foreign exchange burden meant increasing imports from the Middle East, which stretched Britain’s supply of tankers to the breaking point, since there were not enough to redirect imports around the Cape of Good Hope after Italian hostility threatened access through the Mediterranean. Drawing oil from the Western Hemisphere required fewer tankers but also cost foreign exchange. Ultimately, Britain’s survival after 1940—as after 1917—depended upon the assistance of the United States.

“This Land Remains German”: Requisitioning, Society, and the US Army, 1945–1956

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 476-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Seipp
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Korean War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article examines debates over the requisitioning of real estate by the US Army during the decade after the end of World War II. Requisitioning quickly emerged as one of the most contentious issues in the relationship between German civilians and the American occupation. American policy changed several times as the physical presence of the occupiers shrank during the postwar period then expanded again after the outbreak of the Korean War. I show that requisitioning became a key site of contestation during the early years of the Federal Republic. The right to assert authority over real property served as a visible reminder of the persistent limits of German sovereignty. By pushing back against American requisitioning policy, Germans articulated an increasingly assertive claim to sovereign rights.

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