Evaluating Inrole and Extrarole Behaviors Across Sectors

In this study, we explore whether sector distinguishes what we know about performance appraisals. We were particularly interested in two important aspects of the appraisal process: evaluation of inrole/task and extrarole/citizenship behaviors. We utilized a mixed experimental design with three within-subjects factors (task behavior and two types of extrarole behavior), each manipulated at two levels (high and low performance), and a between-subjects factor measuring sector of the respondent (private and public/nonprofit). We find that sector does matter in a common managerial task like performance appraisals. Public sector managers placed greater weight on task behaviors in making their appraisals than did private sector managers. Results regarding sector and extrarole behaviors were mixed. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

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Citizenship Behavior and Objective Career Outcomes: A Review and Agenda for Future Work

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.9 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Diane M. Bergeron ◽

Chantal van Esch ◽

Phillip S. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Organizational Citizenship ◽

Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽

Citizenship Behavior ◽

Future Research ◽

Career Outcomes ◽

Research Directions ◽

Task Behavior ◽

Key Issues ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Future Work

A small but growing body of research on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and objective career outcomes highlights the need for more consistency across studies. This chapter critically examines extant literature and highlights key issues in current research. More specifically, we identify three main issues in the current literature. First, many OCB studies do not include a corollary measure of task behavior. Second, there seems to be an assumption that performance evaluations are positively related to objective career outcomes. Third, it is important to acknowledge that studying reward recommendations is not the same as studying actual rewards. Following discussion of these three issues, we then review the studies on OCB and various objective career outcomes (i.e., productivity, salary and financial rewards, other rewards, promotion and career advancement); point out patterns and trends across the studies; and make recommendations for how the field can move forward in terms of future research directions.

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Late-Action Effect: Heightened Counterfactual Potency and Perceived Outcome Reversibility Make Actions Closer to a Definitive Outcome Seem More Impactful

10.31234/osf.io/t4xz5 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ignazio Ziano ◽

Mario Pandelaere

Keyword(s):

Positive Outcome ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Total N ◽

Action Effect ◽

Psychological Understanding ◽

Goal Completion ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Alternative Scenarios

We report a consistent effect in the evaluation of actions: later actions – specifically, actions that are closer to a final, positive outcome - are considered as contributing more to that outcome, compared to earlier actions. Ten experiments (total n = 5307, five pre-registered, with U.S. American and British participants, manipulating action timing both within-subjects and between-subjects) provide evidence in support of a late-action effect. This effect extends to different domains, from sports to business to academics. We identify two mediators. The first is a heightened tendency to imagine negative alternative scenarios when the action is closer to an outcome, that is, higher counterfactual potency for later actions. The second is perceived outcome reversibility – lower for later actions, when there is less time for the provisional outcome to change. The effect is mitigated if people are instructed to imagine counterfactual outcomes (consistent with the notion of a counterfactual potency mediation), and if the action does not produce a provisional outcome change. We discuss theoretical implications for the psychological understanding of timing, causality attributions, and counterfactual thinking, as well as future research directions for goal-gradient (the tendency to give more weight to the last steps towards goal completion) and procrastination.

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Brain-Switches for Asynchronous Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9030422 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 422

Author(s):

Chang-Hee Han ◽

Klaus-Robert Müller ◽

Han-Jeong Hwang

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

False Positive ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

System A ◽

Computer Interfaces ◽

Operation Algorithm ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Low Performance ◽

Bci System

A brain–computer interface (BCI) has been extensively studied to develop a novel communication system for disabled people using their brain activities. An asynchronous BCI system is more realistic and practical than a synchronous BCI system, in that, BCI commands can be generated whenever the user wants. However, the relatively low performance of an asynchronous BCI system is problematic because redundant BCI commands are required to correct false-positive operations. To significantly reduce the number of false-positive operations of an asynchronous BCI system, a two-step approach has been proposed using a brain-switch that first determines whether the user wants to use an asynchronous BCI system before the operation of the asynchronous BCI system. This study presents a systematic review of the state-of-the-art brain-switch techniques and future research directions. To this end, we reviewed brain-switch research articles published from 2000 to 2019 in terms of their (a) neuroimaging modality, (b) paradigm, (c) operation algorithm, and (d) performance.

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