A Survey of Facial Paralysis: Etiology and Incidence

Facial paralysis has numerous etiologies ranging from the most common, Bell's palsy and trauma, to rare tumors and congenital anomalies. This paper divides the etiologies of facial paralysis into five major classifications: idiopathic, traumatic, infectious, neoplastic and neurologic. The incidence of each of these classifications has been estimated from incidence rate information published in the United States and abroad. Using this information, an estimate of the incidence rate has been determined. This information was previously untabulated, thus making statistical analysis nearly impossible regarding this disorder.

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Mengenali Facial Palcy pada Trauma Wajah dan Tatalaksana Pembedahan

Jurnal Syntax Fusion ◽

10.54543/fusion.v1i11.100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 720-734

Author(s):

Gunawan Gunawan ◽

Inas Hanan Farihah ◽

Lisa Raihan Lutfia ◽

Muhamad Mahfuzzahroni ◽

Rizka Febriya Moestafa

Keyword(s):

Facial Paralysis ◽

Motor Nerve ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

The United States ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Surgical Reconstruction ◽

Nerve Lesion ◽

Bell's Palsy ◽

Functional Deficits ◽

Stylomastoid Foramen

Bell's palsy is the most common neurological disorder affecting the cranial nerves with an onset that is rapid and unilateral, and it is common cause of facial paralysis worldwide. Bell's palsy occurs due to compression or enlargement of the stylomastoid foramen and causes nerve obstruction or damage caused by trauma, infection, inflammation, autoimmune, ischemic. This article aims to review bell's palsy, specifically motor nerve alignment, surgical disorders and management of bell's palsy. Source searches were carried out on online portals for journal publications such as Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) and the National Centre for Biotechnology Information/NCBI (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), with the keyword “Facial palcy, dan Bell’s palcy”. In the United States, the annual incidence of Bell's palsy is approximately 23 cases per 100,000 people. Permanent facial paralysis and non-transient functional deficits are the main indications for surgical reconstruction of facial nerve function. The indications for surgery depend on the severity of the nerve lesion, blunt trauma that causes nondegenerative neuropraxia does not require surgical reconstruction, whereas disorders leading to degenerative neurotmesis require surgery.

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Prevalence of concurrent diabetes mellitus and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy)

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/diabetes.24.5.449 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 449-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

K. Adour ◽

J. Wingerd ◽

H. E. Doty

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Facial Paralysis ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Bell's Palsy

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Ports and Environmental Justice in the United States: An Exploratory Statistical Analysis

Risk Analysis ◽

10.1111/risa.13697 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael R. Greenberg

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Environmental Justice ◽

The United States

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Medicaid Expansion and Incidence of Kidney Failure among Nonelderly Adults

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.2020101511 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. ASN.2020101511

Author(s):

Rebecca Thorsness ◽

Shailender Swaminathan ◽

Yoojin Lee ◽

Benjamin D. Sommers ◽

Rajnish Mehrotra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Kidney Failure ◽

The United States ◽

Early Years ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Medicaid Expansion ◽

Expansion Time ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Medicaid Expansions

BackgroundLow-income individuals without health insurance have limited access to health care. Medicaid expansions may reduce kidney failure incidence by improving access to chronic disease care.MethodsUsing a difference-in-differences analysis, we examined the association between Medicaid expansion status under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the kidney failure incidence rate among all nonelderly adults, aged 19–64 years, in the United States, from 2012 through 2018. We compared changes in kidney failure incidence in states that implemented Medicaid expansions with concurrent changes in nonexpansion states during pre-expansion, early postexpansion (years 2 and 3 postexpansion), and later postexpansion (years 4 and 5 postexpansion).ResultsThe unadjusted kidney failure incidence rate increased in the early years of the study period in both expansion and nonexpansion states before stabilizing. After adjustment for population sociodemographic characteristics, Medicaid expansion status was associated with 2.20 fewer incident cases of kidney failure per million adults per quarter in the early postexpansion period (95% CI, −3.89 to −0.51) compared with nonexpansion status, a 3.07% relative reduction (95% CI, −5.43% to −0.72%). In the later postexpansion period, Medicaid expansion status was not associated with a statistically significant change in kidney failure incidence (−0.56 cases per million per quarter; 95% CI, −2.71 to 1.58) compared with nonexpansion status and the pre-expansion time period.ConclusionsThe ACA Medicaid expansion was associated with an initial reduction in kidney failure incidence among the entire, nonelderly, adult population in the United States; but the changes did not persist in the later postexpansion period. Further study is needed to determine the long-term association between Medicaid expansion and changes in kidney failure incidence.

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Who Wins and Who Loses in the Provincial Courts of Appeal? A Statistical Analysis, 1920–1990

Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société ◽

10.1017/s0829320100003641 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 21-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter McCormick

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Great Britain ◽

Data Base ◽

The United States ◽

Different Types ◽

Party Capability ◽

Time Periods ◽

Appeal Courts ◽

Different Levels

AbstractGiven the visibility and obvious importance of judicial power in the age of the Charter, it is important to develop the conceptual vocabulary for desribing and assessing this power. One such concept that has been applied to the study of appeal courts in the United States and Great Britain is “party capability”, a theory which suggests that different types of litigant will enjoy different levels of success as both appellant and respondent. Using a data base derived from the reported decisions of the provincial courts of appeal for the second and seventh year of each decade since the 1920s, this article applies party capability theory to the performance of the highest courts of the ten provinces; comparisons are attempted across regions and across time periods, as well as with the findings of similar studies of American and British courts.

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Facial Nerve Paralysis Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus in Mice: An Animal Model of Acute and Transient Facial Paralysis

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348949510400713 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 104 (7) ◽

pp. 574-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Toshiaki Sugita ◽

Yasuo Fujiwara ◽

Shingo Murakami ◽

Yoshinari Hirata ◽

Naoaki Yanagihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Facial Paralysis ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽

Bell's Palsy ◽

Vacuolar Degeneration ◽

Nerve Paralysis ◽

Simplex Virus

We have been the first to succeed in producing an acute and transient facial paralysis simulating Bell's palsy, by inoculating herpes simplex virus into the auricles or tongues of mice. The KOS strain of the virus was injected into the auricle of 104 mice and the anterior two thirds of the tongue in 30 mice. Facial paralysis developed between 6 and 9 days after virus inoculation, continued for 3 to 7 days, and then recovered spontaneously. The animals were painlessly sacrificed between 6 and 20 days after inoculation for histopathologic and immunocytochemical study. Histopathologically, severe nerve swelling, inflammatory cell infiltration, and vacuolar degeneration were manifested in the affected facial nerve and nuclei. Herpes simplex virus antigens were also detected in the facial nerve, geniculate ganglion, and facial nerve nucleus. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of the facial paralysis are discussed in light of the histopathologic findings, in association with the causation of Bell's palsy.

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COVID-19 In United States: Statistical Analysis and Inferences From the Empirical Data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1084057/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nivedita Rethnakar

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Statistical Inference ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Statistics ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Impact

Abstract This paper investigates the mortality statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic from the United States perspective. Using empirical data analysis and statistical inference tools, we bring out several exciting and important aspects of the pandemic, otherwise hidden. Specific patterns seen in demo- graphics such as race/ethnicity and age are discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. We also study the role played by factors such as population density. Connections between COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases are also covered in detail. The temporal dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak and the impact of vaccines in controlling the pandemic are also looked at with suf- ficient rigor. It is hoped that statistical inference such as the ones gathered in this paper would be helpful for better scientific understanding, policy prepa- ration and thus adequately preparing, should a similar situation arise in the future.

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Rehabilitation of a Patient with Bell’s Palsy

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/323 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (20) ◽

pp. 1551-1554

Author(s):

Vrushali K. Athawale ◽

Dushyant P. Bawiskar ◽

Pratik Arun Phansopkar

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Facial Paralysis ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Facial Nerve Palsy ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Bell's Palsy ◽

Facial Reanimation ◽

Simplex Virus

Facial nerve palsy is the disease of cranial nerve. From the total number of cases, 60 to 75 % of Bell's palsy cases are idiopathic form of facial palsy. Facial nerve palsy results in weakness of facial muscles, atrophy, asymmetry of face and also disturbs the quality of life. Bell’s palsy occurs in every class of population affecting people of all the age groups but the most common age group affected is 15 - 50 years with equal sex prediliction accounting 11 - 40 cases per 100,000. If facial palsy is not treated properly then it may result in variety of complications like motor synkinesis, dysarthria, contractures of facial muscles, and crocodile tear. Currently facial paralysis treatment consists of combination of pharmacological therapy, facial neuromuscular re-entrainment physiotherapy or surgical intervention by static and dynamic facial reanimation techniques. Physiotherapy treatment is effective for treating facial paralysis with minimal complications and can be individualized. Bell's palsy is the idiopathic form of facial nerve palsy which accounts for 60 to 75 % of cases and male to female ratio is 1:3.1 The aetiology of facial paralysis is not yet thoroughly understood. Cases of varicella-zoster, mononucleosis, herpes simplex virus, mumps and measles have demonstrated good serology in several reports for their association but still stands unclear. 2 Peripheral facial nerve palsy may be idiopathic (primary cause) or Bell’s palsy (secondary). Causes of the secondary unilateral facial nerve palsy are diabetes, stroke, Hansen's disease, herpes simplex infection, birth injury, trauma, tumour, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and immune system disorders. Causes of the bilateral facial nerve palsy are leukemia, brainstem encephalitis, leprosy, and meningitis. The most prominent current theories of facial nerve paralysis pathophysiology include the reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection (HSV type 1). Current facial paralysis treatment consists of a combination of pharmacological therapy, facial neuromuscular re-entrainment physiotherapy or surgical intervention by dynamic and static facial reanimation techniques.7 This is a diagnosed case of right facial nerve palsy which was treated under physiotherapy department with proper rehabilitation protocol.

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