scholarly journals Photophobia in migraine: A symptom cluster?

Cephalalgia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 033310242110146
Author(s):  
Arnold J Wilkins ◽  
Sarah M Haigh ◽  
Omar A Mahroo ◽  
Gordon T Plant
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Photophobia is one of the most common symptoms in migraine, and the underlying mechanism is uncertain. The discovery of the intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells which signal the intensity of light on the retina has led to discussion of their role in the pathogenesis of photophobia. In the current review, we discuss the relationship between pain and discomfort leading to light aversion (traditional photophobia) and discomfort from flicker, patterns, and colour that are also common in migraine and cannot be explained solely by the activity of intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. We argue that, at least in migraine, a cortical mechanism provides a parsimonious explanation for discomfort from all forms of visual stimulation, and that the traditional definition of photophobia as pain in response to light may be too restrictive. Future investigation that directly compares the retinal and cortical contributions to photophobia in migraine with that in other conditions may offer better specificity in identifying biomarkers and possible mechanisms to target for treatment.

scholarly journals Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based 2D/3D Approaches

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Marta García-López ◽  
Joaquín Arenas ◽  
M. Esther Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Inherited optic neuropathies share visual impairment due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the hallmark of the disease. This group of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in nuclear genes or in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An impaired mitochondrial function is the underlying mechanism of these diseases. Currently, optic neuropathies lack an effective treatment, and the implementation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology would entail a huge step forward. The generation of iPSC-derived RGCs would allow faithfully modeling these disorders, and these RGCs would represent an appealing platform for drug screening as well, paving the way for a proper therapy. Here, we review the ongoing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) approaches based on iPSCs and their applications, taking into account the more innovative technologies, which include tissue engineering or microfluidics.

Abnormally high variability in the uncrossed retinofugal pathway of mice with albino mosaicism

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Guillery ◽  
G. Jeffery ◽  
B.M. Cattanach
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Autosome Translocation ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Relationship

Female mice showing albino mosaicism due to an X-autosome translocation [Is(In7;X)Ct] have been studied in order to investigate the relationship between the distribution of melanin and the formation, early in development, of the abnormally small uncrossed retinofugal pathway characteristically found in all albino mammals. Earlier evidence indicates that cells normally bearing melanin play a role in producing the abnormality. In the mosaic mice, the albino gene is expressed in only about half of the cells due to random X-inactivation and the patches of normal and albino cells are extremely small relative to total retinal size (less than 1/50). We argued that if all the cells that would normally bear melanin play a role in producing the albino abnormality then the mosaic mice would have a pathway abnormality, about half the size of that in the albino mice. If, however, only a small patch of these cells plays a role, as has been proposed in earlier studies, then one would expect the size of the uncrossed pathway to be highly variable in the mosaic mice. The size of the uncrossed pathway was assessed by placing horseradish peroxidase in the region of the optic tract and lateral geniculate nucleus unilaterally and then counting the number of retrogradely labelled retinal ganglion cells on the same side. The mosaic mice showed a highly variable uncrossed pathway. In some of the mosaic mice, it was the same size as in the albinos and, in others, it was the same size as in normally pigmented mice. Surprisingly, in a small number of mosaic mice, the uncrossed pathway was larger than normal. Whether this relatively rare occurrence of a supernormal uncrossed pathway is due to the higher gene dosage or to the translocation itself remains an open question.

The Biomechanical Response of Normal and Glaucoma Human Sclera

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Coudrillier ◽  
Kristin M. Myers ◽  
Thao D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Biomechanical Response ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

By 2010, 60 million people will have glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide [1]. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. It is well know that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor in the damage to the RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ocular connective tissue and how it affects cellular function is not well characterized. The cornea and the sclera are collage-rich structures that comprise the outer load-bearing shell of the eye. Their preferentially aligned collagen lamellae provide mechanical strength to resist ocular expansion. Previous uniaxial tension studies suggest that altered viscoelastic material properties of the eye wall play a role in glaucomatous damage [6].

scholarly journals The Relationship between Visual Field Index and Estimated Number of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e76590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir H. Marvasti ◽  
Andrew J. Tatham ◽  
Linda M. Zangwill ◽  
Christopher A. Girkin ◽  
Jeffrey M. Liebmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visual Field Index ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Cup-to-Disc Ratio and Estimated Number of Retinal Ganglion Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 3205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Tatham ◽  
Robert N. Weinreb ◽  
Linda M. Zangwill ◽  
Jeffrey M. Liebmann ◽  
Christopher A. Girkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cup To Disc Ratio

scholarly journals Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are associated with a reduction in retinal ganglion cell survival

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 147032031879500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Takasago ◽  
Kazuyuki Hirooka ◽  
Yuki Nakano ◽  
Mamoru Kobayashi ◽  
Aoi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the plasma concentration of aldosterone and changes in the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after systemic administration of aldosterone. Methods: An osmotic minipump that was subcutaneously implanted into the midscapular region of rats administered 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone or vehicle. Enzyme immunoassay kits were used to measure the plasma aldosterone concentrations two weeks after the systemic administration of aldosterone or vehicle. Six weeks after these systemic administrations, the number of RGCs was measured. Results: The plasma aldosterone concentrations at two weeks after systemic administration of vehicle or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone were 238 ± 17 pg/ml and 1750 ± 151 pg/ml (748.5% ± 183.2%), respectively. There was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in the central retina of the rats after the administration of either 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. In the peripheral retina, however, there was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. There was a significant correlation between the number of RGCs and plasma aldosterone concentration. Conclusions: After systemic administration of aldosterone, there was a negative correlation between the plasma aldosterone concentration and the number of RGCs.

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