Biomechanical Analysis of Surface-Athlete Impacts on Third-Generation Artificial Turf

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McGhie ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Impact Absorption

Background: Excessive repetitive loads are widely believed to be the cause of overload or overuse injuries. On third-generation artificial turf, impacts have been found to vary with surface and shoe properties. Mechanical devices are considered not representative for measuring impact absorption during athletic movements, and pressure insoles have been shown as inaccurate with regard to magnitude of force. Purpose: To compare impact properties between different third-generation artificial turf systems in combination with various cleat configurations in vivo using force plate technology. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty-two male soccer players (mean ± SD: age, 23.1 ± 2.8 y; height, 1.81 ± 0.1 m; body mass, 77.5 ± 6.0 kg) performed 10 short sprints, 5 straight with a sudden stop and 5 with a 90° cut, over a force plate covered with artificial turf for each combination of 3 turf systems and 3 cleat configurations. Results: During stop sprints, peak impact was significantly higher on a recreational-level turf system than professional-level turf systems with and without an underlying shock pad (3.12 body weight [ W] vs 3.01 W and 3.02 W, respectively). During cut sprints, peak impact was significantly higher with traditional round cleats than with turf cleats and bladed cleats (2.99 W vs 2.84 W and 2.87 W, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate that both an increase in assumed impact-absorbing surface properties and a larger distribution of shorter cleats produced lower impacts during standardized athletic movements. Regardless, none of the shoe-surface combinations yielded peak impacts of an assumed hazardous magnitude. Clinical Relevance: The study provides information on the extent to which various third-generation artificial turf systems and cleat configurations affect impact force, widely believed to be a causative factor for overload and overuse injuries.

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Playing Surfaces on the Biomechanics of a Tennis Running Forehand Foot Plant

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria H. Stiles ◽  
Sharon J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Condition ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Impact Forces

Research suggests that heightened impacts, altered joint movement patterns, and changes in friction coefficient from the use of artificial surfaces in sport increase the prevalence of overuse injuries. The purposes of this study were to (a) develop procedures to assess a tennis-specific movement, (b) characterize the ground reaction force (GRF) impact phases of the movement, and (c) assess human response during impact with changes in common playing surfaces. In relation to the third purpose it was hypothesized that surfaces with greatest mechanical cushioning would yield lower impact forces (PkFz) and rates of loading. Six shod volunteers performed 8 running forehand trials on each surface condition: baseline, carpet, acrylic, and artificial turf. Force plate (960 Hz) and kinematic data (120 Hz) were collected simultaneously for each trial. Running forehand foot plants are typically characterized by 3 peaks in vertical GRF prior to a foot-off peak. Group mean PkFz was significantly lower and peak braking force was significantly higher on the baseline surface compared with the other three test surfaces (p < 0.05). No significant changes in initial kinematics were found to explain unexpected PkFz results. The baseline surface yielded a significantly higher coefficient of friction compared with the other three test surfaces (p < 0.05). While the hypothesis is rejected, biomechanical analysis has revealed changes in surface type with regard to GRF variables.

Shock Absorbency of Factors in the Shoe/Heel Interaction—With Special Focus on Role of the Heel Pad

Foot & Ankle ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uffe Jørgensen ◽  
Finn Bojsen-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Shock Absorption ◽  
Ethyl Vinyl ◽  
Shock Absorbers ◽  
Heel Pad ◽  
Eva Foam

The heel pad acts as a shock absorber in walking and in heel-strike running. In some patients, a reduction of its shock-absorbing capacity has been connected to the development of overuse injuries. In this article, the shock absorption of the heel pad as well as external shock absorbers are studied. Individual variation and the effect of trauma and confinement on the heel pad were specifically investigated. Drop tests, imitating heel impacts, were performed on a force plate. The test specimens were cadaver heel pads (n = 10); the shoe sole component consisted of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foam and Sorbothane inserts. The shock absorption was significantly greater in the heel pad than in the external shock absorbers. The mean heel pad shock absorption was 1.1 times for EVA foam and 2.1 times for Sorbothane. The shock absorption varied by as much as 100% between heel pads. Trauma caused a decrease in the heel pad shock absorbency (24%), whereas heel pad confinement increased the shock absorbency (49% in traumatized heel pads and 29.5% in nontraumatized heel pads). These findings provide a biomechanical rationale for the clinical observations of a correlation between heel pad shock absorbency loss and heel strike-dependent overuse injuries. To increase shock absorbency, confinement of the heel pad should be attempted in vivo.

scholarly journals Influence of the Mechanical Properties of Third-Generation Artificial Turf Systems on Soccer Players’ Physiological and Physical Performance and Their Perceptions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e111368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge García-Unanue ◽  
Pedro Jiménez-Reyes ◽  
Ana Gallardo ◽  
Pablo Burillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Artificial Turf

Biomechanical Analysis of a Change-of-Direction Task in College Soccer Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Condello ◽  
Thomas W. Kernozek ◽  
Antonio Tessitore ◽  
Carl Foster
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Cutting Angle ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Biomechanical Measurements

This study aimed to investigate biomechanical parameters during a change-of-direction task in college soccer players. Fourteen male and 12 female players performed a 10-m sprint with a 60° change of direction at 5 m. Vertical and mediolateral groundreaction force (GRF) and contact time were measured by having the subjects run in both directions while contacting a force plate with either their preferred (kicking) or nonpreferred leg. Using the midpoint between 2 pelvic markers, further parameters were evaluated: performance cutting angle and horizontal distance. Relationships between parameters, sex, and leg preference were analyzed. Significant correlations emerged between vertical and mediolateral GRF (r = .660–.909) and between contact time and performance cutting angle (r = –.598 to –.793). Sex differences were found for mediolateral GRF (P = .005), performance cutting angle (P = .043), and horizontal distance (P = .020). Leg differences were observed for vertical GRF (P = .029), performance cutting angle (P = .011), and horizontal distance (P = .012). This study showed that a sharper change of direction corresponded to a longer contact time, while no relationships were found with GRF. Moreover, measuring the angle revealed that the real path traveled was different from the theoretical one, highlighting the performance of sharper or more rounded execution. In conclusion, this study showed that specific biomechanical measurements can provide details about the execution of a change of direction, highlighting the ability of the nonpreferred leg to perform better directional changes.

Safety of third-generation artificial turf in male elite professional soccer players in Italian major league

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lanzetti ◽  
A. Ciompi ◽  
D. Lupariello ◽  
M. Guzzini ◽  
A. De Carli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Players ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Major League

Load Response of the Tarsal Bones in Patients with Flatfoot Deformity: In Vivo 3D Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masamitsu Kido ◽  
Kazuya Ikoma ◽  
Kan Imai ◽  
Masahiro Maki ◽  
Ryota Takatori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Load Condition ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Talonavicular Joint ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Tibiotalar Joint ◽  
Talocalcaneal Joint ◽  
Load Response ◽  
Tarsal Bones

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the bone rotation of each joint in the hindfoot and compare the load response in healthy feet with that in flatfeet by analyzing the reconstructive three-dimensional (3D) CT image data during weightbearing. Methods: CT scans of 21 healthy feet and 21 feet with flatfoot deformity were taken in non-load condition followed by full-body weightbearing load condition. The images of the hindfoot bones were reconstructed into 3D models. The volume merge method in three planes was used to calculate the position of the talus relative to the tibia in the tibiotalar joint, the navicular relative to the talus in talonavicular joint, and the calcaneus relative to the talus in the talocalcaneal joint. Results: The talar position difference to the load response relative to the tibia in the tibiotalar joint in a flatfoot was 1.7 degrees more plantarflexed in comparison to that in a healthy foot ( p = 0.031). The navicular position difference to the load response relative to the talus in the talonavicular joint was 2.3 degrees more everted ( p = 0.0034). The calcaneal position difference to the load response relative to the talus in the talocalcaneal joint was 1.1 degrees more dorsiflexed ( p = 0.0060) and 1.7 degrees more everted ( p = 0.0018). Conclusion: Referring to previous cadaver study, regarding not only the cadaveric foot, but also the live foot, joint instability occurred in the hindfoot with load in patients with flatfoot. Clinical Relevance: The method used in this study might be applied to clinical analysis of foot diseases such as the staging of flatfoot and to biomechanical analysis to evaluate the effects of foot surgery in the future. Level of Evidence: III

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