scholarly journals Linking the Sectoral Employment Structure and Household Poverty in the United Kingdom

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sissons ◽  
Anne E Green ◽  
Neil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Sectoral Growth ◽  
Labour Market Change ◽  
Low Pay

Structural changes in the labour markets of developed economies, and changes in their institutional characteristics, have led to growing unease about the nature of low-paid employment. Related concerns have been expressed about the persistence of low pay, the fragmentation of work and the growth of under-employment. While all these factors have potential implications for individuals’ earnings, less is known about the connection between labour market change, patterns of sectoral growth and decline, and household poverty outcomes. This article shows distinct patterns of poverty outcomes by sector of employment, after controlling for other factors. However, household characteristics, in particular the presence of a second earner, do strongly mitigate the poverty risk. Overall, the findings demonstrate that policymakers need to develop a coherent policy towards poverty that recognises the nature of jobs growth and the distribution of ‘good jobs’ across households.

scholarly journals Labour market reform and potential inequality of outcomes: The Australian story

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Alexis Esposto
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Market Change ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Australian Economy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Labour Market Change

The global knowledge economy has transformed the world of work in the last four decades. Over the last 40 years the Australian economy underwent major structural change a phenomenon that was initiated in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1980s. This paper discusses and analyses institutional change characterised by the decentralisation of collective bargaining structures that began in the early 1980s. The paper analyses the impact of these reforms by providing a simple analysis of job creation over a thirty year period. The paper concludes that institutional labour market change can at times produce negative welfare outcomes, particularly as it relates to employment creation. The impact of these effects is increasing inequality of earnings in the labour force.

Poverty and Sources of Income Support Among Older People With Disabilities and Out of Work: Comparison of Canada and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
WEN-HAO CHEN ◽  
LEE BENTLEY ◽  
MARGARET WHITEHEAD ◽  
ASHLEY MCALLISTER ◽  
BENJAMIN BARR
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Government Transfers

Abstract The debate about extending working lives in response to population ageing often overlooks the lack of employment opportunity for older adults with disabilities. Without work, their living standards depend heavily on government transfers. This study contributes to the literature on health inequalities by analysing the sources of income and poverty outcomes for people aged 50 to 64 in two liberal democratic countries yet with contrasting disability benefit contexts – Canada and the United Kingdom. This choice of countries offers the opportunity to assess whether the design of benefit systems has led the most disadvantaged groups to fare differently between countries. Overall, disabled older persons without work faced a markedly higher risk of poverty in Canada than in the UK. Public transfers played a much greater role in the UK, accounting for two-thirds of household income among low-educated groups, compared with one-third in Canada. The average benefit amount received was similar in both countries, but the coverage of disabled people was much lower in Canada than in the UK, leading to a high poverty risk among disabled people out of work. Our findings highlight the importance of income support systems in preventing the widening of the poverty-disability gap at older ages.

Labour-Market Dualism: Evidence from a Survey of Households in the Southampton City-Region

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Pinch ◽  
A Storey
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Job Security ◽  
City Region ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Labour Market Change ◽  
Detailed Questionnaire

Empirical research in Britain has failed to keep pace with the profusion of theorising about tendencies towards dualism in labour markets. This paper attempts to improve upon previous aggregate studies of labour-market change with a detailed questionnaire survey of the economically active in the Southampton city-region. The research suggests that the decline of employment in both manufacturing and public services, together with the expansion of employment in private sector services, has been associated with trends towards dualism in respect of incomes, promotion prospects, fringe benefits, skill levels, job security and levels of job satisfaction.

Fuzzy Decision-Tree-Based Analysis of Databases

2011 ◽  
pp. 760-783
Author(s):  
Malcolm Beynon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Decision Trees ◽  
Inductive Learning ◽  
Fuzzy Decision ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Tree ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Fuzzy Representation ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Trees ◽  
Low Pay

The general fuzzy decision tree approach encapsulates the benefits of being an inductive learning technique to classify objects, utilising the richness of the data being considered, as well as the readability and interpretability that accompanies its operation in a fuzzy environment. This chapter offers a description of fuzzy decision tree based research, including the exposition of small and large fuzzy decision trees to demonstrate their construction and practicality. The two large fuzzy decision trees described are associated with a real application, namely, the identification of workplace establishments in the United Kingdom that pay a noticeable proportion of their employees less than the legislated minimum wage. Two separate fuzzy decision tree analyses are undertaken on a low-pay database, which utilise different numbers of membership functions to fuzzify the continuous attributes describing the investigated establishments. The findings demonstrate the sensitivity of results when there are changes in the compactness of the fuzzy representation of the associated data.

scholarly journals Importance of Proper Monetary Liquidity: Sustainable Development of the Housing and Stock Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8989
Author(s):  
Ming-Chu Chiang ◽  
I-Chun Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Stock Markets ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
Asset Markets ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Asymmetrical Effect ◽  
Capital Transfer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coefficient Method

In this paper, we infer that when no excess monetary liquidity exists, people tend to invest available capital in assets associated with a high return or low risk. However, when excess monetary liquidity occurs, capital may successively boost asset markets, and the stock market wealth is thus likely to spill into housing markets, resulting in bubbles in these two markets and therefore in the unsustainable development of both the housing and stock markets. This paper uses relevant data from the United Kingdom from January 1991 to March 2020 to verify whether excess monetary liquidity is a crucial factor determining the relationship between the housing and stock markets. Continuous and structural changes are found to exist between housing price and stock price returns. This paper employs the time-varying coefficient method for estimation and determines that the influence of stock price returns on housing returns is dynamic, and an asymmetrical effect can occur according to whether excess monetary liquidity exists. An excessively loose monetary policy increases asset prices and can thus easily result in a mutual rise in asset markets. By contrast, when excess monetary liquidity does not exist, capital transfer among markets can prevent autocorrelation during excessive market investment and thereby aggravate market imbalance.

Trends in tourism under economic uncertainty

2020 ◽  
pp. 135481662090960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Khan ◽  
Chi-Wei Su ◽  
Yi-Dong Xiao ◽  
Haotian Zhu ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Window Technique ◽  
Rolling Window ◽  
Negative Effect

We use the gravity model to examine the causal link between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and inbound tourism (ITM) in the United Kingdom. The results for the full sample demonstrate that EPU Granger causes ITM. This finding shows that association is misappropriated due to structural changes. We apply the time-varying rolling window technique to revisit the dynamic association between EPU and ITM. The findings for the subsamples indicate that EPU has a negative effect on ITM. In contrast, ITM has a positive effect on EPU in the subsamples. These results support the gravity model, which states that as EPU increases, the level of ITM decreases. The results have noteworthy implications for policymakers in the form of consistency in policies and short-term shock forecasting that is capable of greater shock-absorbing capacity to lessen the revocation of tourist programs. A stable exchange rate regime in the destination country will make tourism cheaper and more attractive to tourists. Decision-makers should consider time-varying attributes to establish tourism activities for effective and accurate predictions.

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