scholarly journals First Impressions From Faces

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Zebrowitz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Impression Accuracy

Although cultural wisdom warns us not to judge a book by its cover, we seem unable to inhibit this tendency even though it can lead to inaccurate impressions of people’s psychological traits and has significant social consequences. One explanation for this paradox is that first impressions from faces reflect overgeneralizations of adaptive impressions of categories of people with structurally similar faces (including babies, familiar or unfamiliar people, evolutionarily unfit people, and people expressing a variety of emotions). Research testing these overgeneralization hypotheses has elucidated why we form first impressions from faces, what impressions we form, and what cues influence these impressions. This article focuses on commonalities in impressions across diverse perceivers, with additional brief attention given to individual differences in impressions and impression accuracy.

Self-Expression While Drinking Alcohol: Alcohol Influences Personality Expression During First Impressions

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
Edward Orehek ◽  
Lauren J. Human ◽  
Michael A. Sayette ◽  
John D. Dimoff ◽  
Rachel P. Winograd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alcohol Alcohol ◽  
Thin Slicing

People are motivated to be perceived both positively and accurately and, therefore, approach social settings and adopt means that allow them to reach these goals. We investigated whether alcohol consumption helps or hinders the positivity and accuracy of social impressions using a thin-slicing paradigm to better understand the effects of alcohol in social settings and the influence of alcohol on self-expression. These possibilities were tested in a sample of 720 participants randomly assigned to consume an alcohol, placebo, or control beverage while engaged in conversation in three-person groups. We found support for the hypothesis that alcohol (compared with placebo or control) increased the positivity of observers’ personality expression, but did not find support for the hypothesis that alcohol increased the accuracy of personality expression. These findings contribute to our understanding of the social consequences of alcohol consumption, shedding new light on the interpersonal benefits that alcohol can foster.

scholarly journals Individual Differences and Rating Errors in First Impressions of Psychopathy

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470491667494
Author(s):  
Christopher T. A. Gillen ◽  
Henriette Bergstrøm ◽  
Adelle E. Forth
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
First Impressions

Personality on the Hill: Expert Evaluations of U.S. Senators’ Psychological Traits

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292092858
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Rice ◽  
Megan L. Remmel ◽  
Jeffery J. Mondak
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
Significant Potential ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The U.S

Long recognized for the diverse array of personalities it hosts, the U.S. Senate constitutes an institution in which individual psychological differences among its members carry significant potential consequences. Unfortunately, studying those individual differences is no easy task. This study introduces a new approach for doing so. Specifically, the study develops Big Five trait ratings for eighty-seven U.S. senators, with data drawn from assessments provided by a set of experts, U.S. Senate insiders. The paper explains the rationale for use of expert evaluations, offers evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the resulting measures, and explores possible relationships between personality and ten aspects of Senate behavior.

scholarly journals Adults’ facial impressions of children’s niceness, but not shyness, show modest accuracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2328-2347
Author(s):  
Jemma R Collova ◽  
Clare AM Sutherland ◽  
Linda Jeffery ◽  
Ellen Bothe ◽  
Gillian Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variability ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Parental Reports

Lay wisdom warns against “judging a book by its cover.” However, facial first impressions influence people’s behaviour towards others, so it is critical that we understand whether these impressions are at all accurate. Understanding impressions of children’s faces is particularly important because these impressions can have social consequences during a crucial time of development. Here, we examined the accuracy of two traits that capture the most variance in impressions of children’s faces, niceness and shyness. We collected face images and parental reports of actual niceness/shyness for 86 children (4–11 years old). Different images of the same person can lead to different impressions, and so we employed a novel approach by obtaining impressions from five images of each child. These images were ambient, representing the natural variability in faces. Adult strangers rated the faces for niceness (Study 1) or shyness (Study 2). Niceness impressions were modestly accurate for different images of the same child, regardless of whether these images were presented individually or simultaneously as a group. Shyness impressions were not accurate, for images presented either individually or as a group. Together, these results demonstrate modest accuracy in adults’ impressions of niceness, but not shyness, from children’s faces. Furthermore, our results reveal that this accuracy can be captured by images which contain natural face variability, and holds across different images of the same child’s face. These results invite future research into the cues and causal mechanisms underlying this link between facial impressions of niceness and nice behaviour in children.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Social Distancing and Mask-Wearing in the Pandemic of COVID-19: The Role of Need for Cognition, Self-control, and Risk Attitude

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xu ◽  
Jiuqing Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemiological Information

In the United States, while the number of COVID-19 cases continue to increase, the practice of social distancing and mask-wearing have been controversial and even politicized. The present study examined the role of psychological traits in social distancing compliance and mask-wearing behavior and attitude. A sample of 233 U.S. adult residents were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants completed scales of social distancing compliance, mask-wearing behavior and attitude, need for cognition, self-control, risk attitude, and political ideology. Epidemiological information (seven-day positive rate and the number of cases per 100,000) was obtained based on the state participants resided in. As a result, epidemiological information did not correlate with protective behaviors. Political ideology, on the other hand, was a significant factor, with a more liberal tendency being associated with greater engagement in social distancing compliance and mask-wearing behavior an attitude. Importantly, those who were more risk averse, or had a higher level of self-control or need for cognition practiced more social distancing and mask-wearing, after controlling for demographics, epidemiological information, and political ideology. For mask-wearing behavior, political ideology interacted with both need for cognition and self-control. Collectively, the study revealed the psychological roots of individual differences in social distancing and mask-wearing compliance.

Individual Differences, Psychological Neighbourhoods and Use of the Domestic Telephone

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Noble
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Telephone Systems

Published research in the public domain concerning use of the domestic telephone is rare. Even the systematic study of the social consequences of the telephone had, according to Wurtzel & Turner (1977) and Dordick (1983), been relatively neglected. Yet as Aronson (1971) has pointed out, development of telephone systems has been intimately tied to modernisation over the past century. Perhaps it is because the telephone is such an integral part of life that it has been ‘taken for granted’ and thus, as Moyal (1987) points out, has not received the research attention it deserves.

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