Gender Differences in Hospital CEO Compensation: A National Investigation of Not-for-Profit Hospitals

Gender pay equity is a desirable social value and an important strategy to fill every organizational stratum with gender-diverse talent to fulfill an organization’s goals and mission. This study used national, large-sample data to examine gender difference in CEO compensation among not-for-profit hospitals. Results showed the average unadjusted annual compensation for female CEOs in 2009 was $425,085 compared with $581,121 for male CEOs. With few exceptions, the difference existed across all types of not-for-profit hospitals. After controlling for hospital- and area-level characteristics, female CEOs of not-for-profit hospitals earned 22.6% less than male CEOs of not-for-profit hospitals. This translates into an earnings differential of $132,652 associated with gender. Explanations and implications of the results are discussed.

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The impact of relative CEO compensation on not-for-profit contributions

Journal of Public Budgeting Accounting & Financial Management ◽

10.1108/jpbafm-03-2021-0039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Stacey Kaden ◽

Gary Peters ◽

Juan Manuel Sanchez ◽

Gary M. Fleischman

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Ceo Compensation ◽

Drop Out ◽

Content Type ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

Survivorship Bias ◽

Excess Cash ◽

The Impact ◽

A Current

PurposeThe authors extend research suggesting that external funders reduce their contributions to not-for-profit (NFP) organizations in response to media-reported CEO compensation levels.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a maximum archival sample of 44,807 observations from US Form 990s, the authors comprehensively assess the extent that high relative NFP CEO compensation is associated with decreases in future contributions.FindingsThe authors find that donors and grantors react negatively to high relative CEO compensation but do not react adversely to high absolute executive compensation. Contributors seem to take issue with CEO compensation when they perceive it absorbs a relatively large portion of the organizations’ total expenses, which may hinder the NFP’s mission. Additional findings suggest that excess cash held by the NFP significantly exacerbates the negative baseline relationship between future contributions and high relative CEO compensation. Finally, both individual donors and professional grantors are sensitive to cash NFP CEO compensation levels, but grantors are more sensitive to CEO noncash compensation.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ data are focused on larger NFP organizations, so this limits the generalizability of the study. Furthermore, survivorship bias potentially influences their time-series investigations because a current year large-scale decrease in funding due to high relative CEO compensation may cause some NFP firms to drop out of the sample the following year due to significant funding reductions.Originality/valueThe study makes three noteworthy contributions to the literature. First, the study documents that the negative association between high relative CEO compensation levels and future donor and grantor contributions is much more widespread than previous literature suggested. Second, the authors document that high relative CEO compensation levels that trigger reductions in future contributions are significantly exacerbated by excess cash held by the NFP. Finally, the authors find that more sophisticated grantors are more sensitive to noncash CEO compensation levels as compared with donors.

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Quality Control for RNA-Seq (QuaCRS): An Integrated Quality Control Pipeline

Cancer Informatics ◽

10.4137/cin.s14022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13s3 ◽

pp. CIN.S14022 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karl W. Kroll ◽

Nima E. Mokaram ◽

Alexander R. Pelletier ◽

David E. Frankhouser ◽

Maximillian S. Westphal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Web Interface ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Sample Data ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

User Friendly

QuaCRS ( Quality Control for RNA- Seq) is an integrated, simplified quality control (QC) system for RNA-seq data that allows easy execution of several open-source QC tools, aggregation of their output, and the ability to quickly identify quality issues by performing meta-analyses on QC metrics across large numbers of samples in different studies. It comprises two main sections. First is the QC Pack wrapper, which executes three QC tools: FastQC, RNA-SeQC, and selected functions from RSeQC. Combining these three tools into one wrapper provides increased ease of use and provides a much more complete view of sample data quality than any individual tool. Second is the QC database, which displays the resulting metrics in a user-friendly web interface. It was designed to allow users with less computational experience to easily generate and view QC information for their data, to investigate individual samples and aggregate reports of sample groups, and to sort and search samples based on quality. The structure of the QuaCRS database is designed to enable expansion with additional tools and metrics in the future. The source code for not-for-profit use and a fully functional sample user interface with mock data are available at http://bioserv.mps.ohio-state.edu/QuaCRS/ .

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Medicaid Expansion and Not-For-Profit Hospitals’ Financial Status: National and State-Level Estimates Using IRS and CMS Data, 2011-2016

Medical Care Research and Review ◽

10.1177/10775587211009720 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107755872110097

Author(s):

Tatiane Santos ◽

Simone Singh ◽

Gary J. Young

Keyword(s):

Hospital Costs ◽

State Level ◽

Medicaid Expansion ◽

Financial Status ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

Percentage Points ◽

The Difference ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Several studies have shown that Medicaid expansion has improved hospital financial performance. All of these studies have either used data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and none of them has examined the state-level impact of expansion on hospital finances. Using data for not-for-profit hospitals from both IRS and CMS for 2011-2016, we described the difference in costs related to uncompensated care and Medicaid shortfalls. We then estimated the impact of Medicaid expansion on hospitals’ financial status nationally and by state. Nationally, the estimated net effect of expansion reduced not-for-profit hospital costs by 2 percentage points based on IRS data and 0.83 percentage points based on CMS data. Across expansion states, the estimated net effects varied widely with approximately a 10-fold difference for hospitals based on IRS data and a 2-fold difference based on CMS data. Future studies should further explore the differences across IRS and CMS data.

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Governance in Not-for-Profit Hospitals: Effects on CEO Compensation and Performance

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2467496 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Frans F.J.M. Schaepkens ◽

Roland F. Spekle

Keyword(s):

Ceo Compensation ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

And Performance

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Project Risk Definition and Measurement in a Not-for-Profit Setting

Health Services Management Research ◽

10.1177/095148489200500306 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 216-224

Author(s):

Louis C. Gapenski

Keyword(s):

Capital Investment ◽

Investment Decisions ◽

Market Risk ◽

Shareholder Wealth ◽

Wealth Maximization ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

Risk Definition ◽

Shareholder Wealth Maximization ◽

The Difference

The health care finance literature on capital investment decisions generally applies conventional market risk concepts without distinguishing between proprietary and not-for-profit forms of organization. Since proprietary firms have shareholder wealth maximization as their primary goal, a project's relevant risk is its contribution to the riskiness of the equity investors' well diversified stock portfolios, or its market risk. However, not-for-profit organizations do not have shareholder wealth maximization as their primary goal, and thus market risk concepts are not applicable. Rather, the relevant risk in a not-for-profit setting is a project's corporate risk; that is, the project's contribution to the riskiness of the organization. The difference in risk definition and measurement between proprietary and not-for-profit firms has two implications for managerial decisions: (1) in making capital investment decisions, a manager must define and measure a project's riskiness on the basis of the firm's organizational form; and (2) although diversification for the sole purpose of risk reduction is not a valid rationale for proprietary firms because stockholders can achieve the same result at less cost, risk-reducing diversification does make sense for not-for-profit firms.

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Funding Sources and Excess CEO Compensation in Not-for-Profit Organizations

Accounting Horizons ◽

10.2308/acch-50588 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jennifer J. Gaver ◽

S. Mary Im

Keyword(s):

Agency Costs ◽

Ceo Compensation ◽

Data Availability ◽

Government Grants ◽

For Profit ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Not For Profit ◽

Jel Classifications ◽

Not For Profit Organizations ◽

For Profit Organizations

SYNOPSIS We examine the relation between funding composition and excess CEO compensation in not-for-profit organizations (NFPs). Our sample consists of 105,400 observations from 15,412 unique organizations during 1992 to 2007. The results suggest that excess CEO compensation is negatively related to funding from government grants, government-paid program service revenues, and public donations. Excess CEO compensation is positively related to funding from investment income. Our findings generally support the view that the demand for monitoring by fund providers is associated with agency costs in NFP organizations. JEL Classifications: D23; L31; M48. Data Availability: The data used in this study are available from the National Center for Charitable Statistics.

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