Predictors of ingroup projection: The roles of superordinate category coherence and complexity

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Müjde Peker ◽  
Richard J. Crisp ◽  
Michael A. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Category Coherence

Cognitive Components of Ingroup Projection

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Machunsky ◽  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Minimal Group ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Per Se

This research investigated whether relative ingroup prototypicality (i.e., the tendency to perceive one’s own ingroup as more prototypical of a superordinate category than the outgroup) can result from a prototype-based versus exemplar-based mental representation of social categories, rather than from ingroup membership per se as previously suggested by the ingroup projection model. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that a prototype-based group was perceived as more prototypical of a superordinate category than an exemplar-based group supporting the hypothesis that an intergroup context is not necessary for biased prototypicality judgments. Experiment 3 introduced an intergroup context in a minimal-group-like paradigm. The findings demonstrated that both the kind of cognitive representation and motivational processes contribute to biased prototypicality judgments in intergroup settings.

scholarly journals Evidentiality In Romance Languages. Explanatory Potential of a Concept and Its Applications In Pragmatics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e337
Author(s):  
Gerda Hassler
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Factual Claim ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Linguistic Means

Defined narrowly, evidentiality pertains to the sources of knowledge or evidence whereby the speaker feels entitled to make a factual claim. But evidentiality may also be conceived more broadly as both providing epistemic justification and reflecting speaker’s attitude towards the validity of the communicated information, and hearer’s potential acceptability of the information, derived from the degree of reliability of the source and mode of access to the information. Evidentiality and epistemic modality are subcategories of the same superordinate category, namely a category of epistemicity. Since the first seminal works on evidentiality (Chafe and Nichols 1986), studies have for the most part centred on languages where the grammatical marking of the information source is obligatory (for example Willett 1988; Aikhenvald 2004). Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the study of the domain of evidentiality in European languages, which rely on strategies along the lexico‐grammatical continuum. Assuming a broad conception of evidentiality and defining it as a functional category, we study linguistic means that fulfil the function of indicating the source of information for the transmitted content of a certain proposition in Romance languages.

scholarly journals Separable neural representations of sound sources: Speaker identity and musical timbre

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattson Ogg ◽  
Dustin Moraczewski ◽  
Stefanie Kuchinsky ◽  
L. Robert Slevc
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
The Many

Human listeners can quickly and easily recognize different sound sources (objects and events) in their environment. Understanding how this impressive ability is accomplished can improve signal processing and machine intelligence applications along with assistive listening technologies. However, it is not clear how the brain represents the many sounds that humans can recognize (such as speech and music) at the level of individual sources, categories and acoustic features. To examine the cortical organization of these representations, we used patterns of fMRI responses to decode 1) four individual speakers and instruments from one another (separately, within each category), 2) the superordinate category labels associated with each stimulus (speech or instrument), and 3) a set of simple synthesized sounds that could be differentiated entirely on their acoustic features. Data were collected using an interleaved silent steady state sequence to increase the temporal signal-to-noise ratio, and mitigate issues with auditory stimulus presentation in fMRI. Largely separable clusters of voxels in the temporal lobes supported the decoding of individual speakers and instruments from other stimuli in the same category. Decoding the superordinate category of each sound was more accurate and involved a larger portion of the temporal lobes. However, these clusters all overlapped with areas that could decode simple, acoustically separable stimuli. Thus, individual sound sources from different sound categories are represented in separate regions of the temporal lobes that are situated within regions implicated in more general acoustic processes. These results bridge an important gap in our understanding of cortical representations of sounds and their acoustics.

scholarly journals Novel Labels Increase Category Coherence, But Only When People Have the Goal to Coordinate

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellise Suffill ◽  
Holly Branigan ◽  
Martin Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Category Coherence

scholarly journals The Figurative Dimension of Welsh Nicknaming in the Light of the Great Chain of Being

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jędrzejewska-Pyszczak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Great Chain Of Being ◽  
Metaphorical Mapping

The present paper is concerned with tracing instances of figurative language among Welsh nickname formations. Selected nicknames are examined from the point of view of 1) the underlying metaphorical mapping in line with the class-inclusion approach (Glucksberg and Keysar 1990) according to which the source of a metaphor functions as a prototypical member of an ad hoc created superordinate category that also encompasses the target,  and 2) a given metonymic model. Subsequently, an attempt is made at a classification of the investigated Welsh nicknaming patterns in relation to the concept of the Great Chain of Being, i.e. a universal hierarchy of life forms. Out of the three main principles of the Great Chain of Being, special reference will be made to the principle of linear gradation, which assumes a scale from the lowest type(s) of existence to the highest form.

scholarly journals Group status is related to group prototypicality in the absence of social identity concerns.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
High Status ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Minimal Group ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Categorization Theory ◽  
Identity Motives

Based on self-categorization theory, group status should be positively related to group prototypicality when the relevant superordinate category is positively valued. In this case, high status groups should be perceived to be more prototypical than low status groups even in the absence of concerns about maintaining a positive social identity. To test this hypothesis, a minimal group study was conducted in which participants (N = 139) did not belong to any of the groups involved. Consistent with predictions, participants perceived high status groups to be significantly more prototypical than low status groups. Consistent with self-categorization theory’s cognitive analysis, these results demonstrate that the relation between group status and group prototypicality is a relatively basic and pervasive effect that does not depend on social identity motives.

Processes as Patterns of Occurrence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Galton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Spatial Domain ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Temporal Domain

This chapter explores the idea that processes may be understood as patterns of occurrence, whose individual realizations may take on the character of states or events, depending on the perspective from which they are considered. In this way the ontological relations between states, processes, and events are clarified by effectively defusing the question as to whether processes should be classed as subordinate to events, or vice versa, or whether they are both specializations of some broader superordinate category. A key distinction is made between open and closed patterns, initially in the spatial domain and then in the temporal domain, where new light is thrown on why the term ‘process’ has come to be used in strikingly different ways by different authors. Finally, the account of processes as patterns is put to use in providing a fruitful framework within which to investigate aspectual phenomena in natural language.

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