Income inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in northern Sweden: A decomposition analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-451
Author(s):  
Máté Szilcz ◽  
Paola A. Mosquera ◽  
Miguel San Sebastián ◽  
Per E. Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Psychosocial Conditions

Aims: Increasing income inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity have been reported in the relatively socially equal setting of northern Sweden. The present report seeks to contribute to the literature by exploring the contribution of different factors to the income inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in northern Sweden. Methods: This study was based on the 2014 Health on Equal Terms survey, distributed in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The analytical sample consisted of 21,000 respondents aged 16–84. Six thematic groups of explanatory variables were used: demographic variables, socioeconomic factors, material resources, family-, psychosocial conditions and functional limitations. Income inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity were decomposed by Wagstaff-type decomposition analysis. Results: Income inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity were found to be explained to a considerable degree by health-related limitations and unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. Material and psychosocial conditions seemed to be of moderate importance, whereas family and demographic characteristics were of minor importance. Conclusions: This study suggests that in order to achieve an economically equal leisure time physical inactivity, policy may need to target the two main barriers of functional limitations and socioeconomic disadvantages.

Time trends in absolute and relative socioeconomic inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in northern Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Szilcz ◽  
Paola A. Mosquera ◽  
Miguel San Sebastián ◽  
Per E. Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Index Of Inequality

Aims: The aim was to investigate the time trends in educational, occupational, and income-related inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in northern Swedish women and men. Methods: This study was based on data obtained from the repeated cross-sectional Health on Equal Terms survey of 2006, 2010, and 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 20,667 (2006), 31,787 (2010), and 21,613 (2014) individuals, aged 16–84. Logistic regressions were used to model the probability of physical inactivity given a set of explanatory variables. Slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were used as summary measures of the social gradient in physical inactivity. The linear trend in inequalities and difference between gender and years were estimated by interaction analyses. Results: The year 2010 displayed the highest physical inactivity inequalities for all socioeconomic position indicators, but educational and occupational inequalities decreased in 2014. However, significant positive linear trends were found in absolute and relative income inequalities. Moreover, women had significantly higher RII of education in physical inactivity in 2014 and significantly higher SII and RII of income in physical inactivity in 2010, than did men in the same years. Conclusions:The recent reduction in educational and occupational inequalities following the high inequalities around the time of the great recession in 2010 suggests that the current policies might be fairly effective. However, to eventually alleviate inequities in physical inactivity, the focus of the researchers and policymakers should be directed toward the widening trends of income inequalities in physical inactivity.

scholarly journals Occupational cold exposure is associated with increased reporting of airway symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albin Stjernbrandt ◽  
Nikolai Stenfors ◽  
Ingrid Liljelind
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Symptoms

Abstract Objective To determine if exposure to cold environments, during work or leisure time, was associated with increased reporting of airway symptoms in the general population of northern Sweden. Methods Through a population-based postal survey responded to by 12627 subjects, ages 18–70, living in northern Sweden, the occurrence of airway symptoms was investigated. Cold exposure during work or leisure time was self-reported on numerical rating scales. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the statistical association between cold exposure and airway symptoms. Results For currently working subjects (N = 8740), reporting any occupational cold exposure was associated to wheeze (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.4); chronic cough (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1–1.4); and productive cough (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.4), after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index, daily smoking, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Leisure-time cold exposure was not significantly associated to reporting airway symptoms. Conclusions Occupational cold exposure was an independent predictor of airway symptoms in northern Sweden. Therefore, a structured risk assessment regarding cold exposure could be considered for inclusion in the Swedish workplace legislation.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

scholarly journals Association between education and future leisure-time physical inactivity: a study of Finnish twins over a 35-year follow-up

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarit Piirtola ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Urho M. Kujala ◽  
Kauko Heikkilä ◽  
Markku Koskenvuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time

Abstract 16: Economic Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Physical Inactivity in the United States in 2012

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyank P Shah ◽  
Fayez Shamoon ◽  
Mahesh Bikkina ◽  
Harold Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Physical Activity Guidelines ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Objective: Type 2 diabetes has grown to epidemic proportions in the U.S. and physical activity levels in the population continues to remain low, although it is a major primary preventive strategy for diabetes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes attributable to not meeting physical activity Guidelines and to physical inactivity in the U.S. in 2012. Methods: This was a cross sectional study that used physical activity prevalence data from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Estimates of relative risk of type 2 diabetes for subjects not engaging in any leisure time physical activity and those not meeting physical activity guidelines were obtained for multiple studies published in the literature. Using the prevalence of not meeting physical activity guidelines, physical inactivity and the respective relative risks, the population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for type 2 diabetes was estimated by Levin’s formula. These data were combined with the prevalence and cost data of type 2 diabetes (in 2012) to estimate the cost of type 2 diabetes attributable to not meeting physical activity Guidelines, and to physical inactivity in 2012. Sensitivity analyses were done for i) varying the prevalence of not meeting physical activity guidelines from 30-70%, and ii) varying the average annual cost of type 2 diabetes from $4394 (for person less than 45 years of age) to $11825 (for person greater than 65 years of age). Results: The prevalence of U.S. population meeting physical activity guidelines and engaging in no leisure time activity was 50% and 30% respectively in 2012. The average annual cost attributable to type 2 diabetes in the US, was $7888 per person. The cost of type 2 diabetes in the U.S. in 2012, attributable to not meeting physical activity guidelines was estimated to be $18.6 billion, and that attributable to physical inactivity was estimated to be $5.9 billion. Based on sensitivity analyses, these estimates ranged from $10.36 billion to $27.9 billion for not meeting physical activity guidelines and $3.3 billion to $8.87 billion for physical inactivity in the year 2012. Conclusions: This study shows that billions of dollars could be saved annually just in terms of type 2 diabetes cost in the U.S., if the entire adult population was active enough to meet physical activity guidelines. Physical activity promotion, particularly at the environmental and policy level should be a priority in the population.

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