Spatial Layout of Displayed Information: Three Steps toward Developing Quantitative Models

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Vincow ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Complex Integration ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Simple Integration

Subjects viewed a series of alphanumeric tables containing information regarding the attributes (cost, amount, etc.) of different objects (utilities such as gas and electricity). They answered questions that required them to locate specific pieces of information in the table, perform simple integration between pieces, or complex integration (division, multiplication), and information for questions was either located within a table panel (close separation) or between panels (distant separation). The table was either organized by objects within attributes, or attributes within objects. Table organization had no effect on response time or accuracy. However, accuracy suffered with increased separation, but only for the complex integration questions, a finding that implicates the interference between visual search and the working memory demands of information integration. A computational model of the mental operations required for task performance accounted for 69% of the variance in response time, and provides a useful basis for developing more elaborate models of display layout.

Visual Scanning, Memory Scanning, and Computational Human Performance Modeling

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Liu
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Visual Scanning

This article describes two studies that were conducted as part of a systematic effort at the University of Michigan to develop computational and comprehensive models of complex human performance and to improve the scientific basis for these models. The focus of the first study was the integration of models of divided attention and models of selective attention in performing complex tasks. Two experiments were conducted, which required the subjects to perform a simple information acquisition task in the first experiment and a complex information integration task in the second experiment. The two types of tasks were performed either alone or concurrently with a tracking task, and involved either spatial or verbal material. The location of the relevant spatial and verbal material was displayed with 4 levels of spatial uncertainty, but with approximately the same expected distance for visual scanning. The results demonstrated the strengths and limitations of existing models. The potential value of power functions in quantifying different aspects of task interference was proposed in the paper. A queuing network model, that was proposed recently (Liu, 1993a) as an unifying theory and an integrated computational model of human multi-task performance, was also tested in this study. In the second study, a computational model was derived from models of memory scanning and visual scanning and evaluated through an experiment to examine the integration of the two aspects of human performance modeling. We report here the first of a series of experiments of the study, which required the subjects to search through an organized array of circles to decide whether any of the circles carried any of the memorized items in their working memory. The joint effects of two experimental factors were investigated: the number of items in working memory and the number of circles need to be searched.

scholarly journals A novel computational model to probe visual search deficits during motor performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarkeshwar Singh ◽  
Julius Fridriksson ◽  
Christopher M. Perry ◽  
Sarah C. Tryon ◽  
Angela Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Underlying Processes

Successful execution of many motor skills relies on well-organized visual search (voluntary eye movements that actively scan the environment for task-relevant information). Although impairments of visual search that result from brain injuries are linked to diminished motor performance, the neural processes that guide visual search within this context remain largely unknown. The first objective of this study was to examine how visual search in healthy adults and stroke survivors is used to guide hand movements during the Trail Making Test (TMT), a neuropsychological task that is a strong predictor of visuomotor and cognitive deficits. Our second objective was to develop a novel computational model to investigate combinatorial interactions between three underlying processes of visual search (spatial planning, working memory, and peripheral visual processing). We predicted that stroke survivors would exhibit deficits in integrating the three underlying processes, resulting in deteriorated overall task performance. We found that normal TMT performance is associated with patterns of visual search that primarily rely on spatial planning and/or working memory (but not peripheral visual processing). Our computational model suggested that abnormal TMT performance following stroke is associated with impairments of visual search that are characterized by deficits integrating spatial planning and working memory. This innovative methodology provides a novel framework for studying how the neural processes underlying visual search interact combinatorially to guide motor performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Visual search has traditionally been studied in cognitive and perceptual paradigms, but little is known about how it contributes to visuomotor performance. We have developed a novel computational model to examine how three underlying processes of visual search (spatial planning, working memory, and peripheral visual processing) contribute to visual search during a visuomotor task. We show that deficits integrating spatial planning and working memory underlie abnormal performance in stroke survivors with frontoparietal damage.

Visual Search Facilitation in Repeated Displays Depends on Visuospatial Working Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Manginelli ◽  
Franziska Geringswald ◽  
Stefan Pollmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Contextual Cueing ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Memory Resources

When distractor configurations are repeated over time, visual search becomes more efficient, even if participants are unaware of the repetition. This contextual cueing is a form of incidental, implicit learning. One might therefore expect that contextual cueing does not (or only minimally) rely on working memory resources. This, however, is debated in the literature. We investigated contextual cueing under either a visuospatial or a nonspatial (color) visual working memory load. We found that contextual cueing was disrupted by the concurrent visuospatial, but not by the color working memory load. A control experiment ruled out that unspecific attentional factors of the dual-task situation disrupted contextual cueing. Visuospatial working memory may be needed to match current display items with long-term memory traces of previously learned displays.

Visual search within working memory.

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 (10) ◽  
pp. 1688-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry Kong ◽  
Daryl Fougnie
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search

Speakers construct reference based on listeners’ expected visual search

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Jara-Ettinger ◽  
Paula Rubio-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Quantitative Accuracy ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Acceptability Judgments

A foundational assumption of human communication is that speakers ought to say as much as necessary, but no more. How speakers determine what is necessary in a given context, however, is unclear. In studies of referential communication, this expectation is often formalized as the idea that speakers should construct reference by selecting the shortest, sufficiently informative, description. Here we propose that reference production is, instead, a process whereby speakers adopt listeners’ perspectives to facilitate their visual search, without concern for utterance length. We show that a computational model of our proposal predicts graded acceptability judgments with quantitative accuracy, systematically outperforming brevity models. Our model also explains crosslinguistic differences in speakers’ propensity to over-specify in different visual contexts. Our findings suggest that reference production is best understood as driven by a cooperative goal to help the listener understand the intended message, rather than by an egocentric effort to minimize utterance length.

scholarly journals How do we measure attention? Using factor analysis to establish construct validity of neuropsychological tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Treviño ◽  
Xiaoshu Zhu ◽  
Yi Yi Lu ◽  
Luke S. Scheuer ◽  
Eliza Passell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Object Tracking ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Attentional Capacity ◽  
Spatial Span

AbstractWe investigated whether standardized neuropsychological tests and experimental cognitive paradigms measure the same cognitive faculties. Specifically, do neuropsychological tests commonly used to assess attention measure the same construct as attention paradigms used in cognitive psychology and neuroscience? We built on the “general attention factor”, comprising several widely used experimental paradigms (Huang et al., 2012). Participants (n = 636) completed an on-line battery (TestMyBrain.org) of six experimental tests [Multiple Object Tracking, Flanker Interference, Visual Working Memory, Approximate Number Sense, Spatial Configuration Visual Search, and Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task (Grad CPT)] and eight neuropsychological tests [Trail Making Test versions A & B (TMT-A, TMT-B), Digit Symbol Coding, Forward and Backward Digit Span, Letter Cancellation, Spatial Span, and Arithmetic]. Exploratory factor analysis in a subset of 357 participants identified a five-factor structure: (1) attentional capacity (Multiple Object Tracking, Visual Working Memory, Digit Symbol Coding, Spatial Span), (2) search (Visual Search, TMT-A, TMT-B, Letter Cancellation); (3) Digit Span; (4) Arithmetic; and (5) Sustained Attention (GradCPT). Confirmatory analysis in 279 held-out participants showed that this model fit better than competing models. A hierarchical model where a general cognitive factor was imposed above the five specific factors fit as well as the model without the general factor. We conclude that Digit Span and Arithmetic tests should not be classified as attention tests. Digit Symbol Coding and Spatial Span tap attentional capacity, while TMT-A, TMT-B, and Letter Cancellation tap search (or attention-shifting) ability. These five tests can be classified as attention tests.

Effect of shift work on working memory, attention and response time in nurses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Azam Esmaily ◽  
Sara Jambarsang ◽  
Farough Mohammadian ◽  
Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Shift Work
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