Effect of shift work on working memory, attention and response time in nurses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Azam Esmaily ◽  
Sara Jambarsang ◽  
Farough Mohammadian ◽  
Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Shift Work

scholarly journals Working memory and intra-individual variability in response time mediate fluid intelligence deficits associated with ADHD symptoms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brydges ◽  
Krista Ozolnieks ◽  
Gareth Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Memory Response ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Inattention And Hyperactivity ◽  
Response Consistency

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychologicalcondition characterised by inattention and hyperactivity. Cognitive deficits are commonly observed in ADHD patients, including impaired working memory, response consistency, and fluid intelligence, which are theorised to be associated with one another. We aimed to determine if decreased fluid intelligence was associated with ADHD, and was mediated by deficits in working memory and intra-individual variability (IIV) in motor responding. The present study tested 142 young adults from the general population on a range of working memory, response time, and fluid intelligence tasks, and an ADHD self-report symptoms questionnaire. Results showed that total and hyperactive ADHD symptoms correlated significantly and negatively with fluid intelligence, but this association was fully mediated by both working memory and IIV in response time. However, inattentive symptoms were not associated with fluid intelligence. These results have important implications for clinicians using speeded psychometric tests as part of their assessment battery.

scholarly journals Effects of tDCS Dosage on Working Memory in Healthy Participants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Nikolin ◽  
Donel Martin ◽  
Colleen K. Loo ◽  
Tjeerd W. Boonstra
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Parallel Group Design ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
Time Accuracy ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractBackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been found to improve working memory (WM) performance in healthy participants following a single session. However, results are mixed and the overall effect size is small. Interpretation of these results is confounded by heterogeneous study designs, including differences in tDCS dose (current intensity) and sham conditions used.AimsWe systematically investigated the effect of tDCS dose on working memory using behavioural and neurophysiological outcomes.MethodsIn a single-blind parallel group design, 100 participants were randomised across five groups to receive 15 minutes of bifrontal tDCS at different current intensities (2mA, 1mA, and three sham tDCS conditions at 0.034mA, 0.016mA, or 0mA). EEG activity was acquired while participants performed a WM task prior to, during, and following tDCS. Response time, accuracy and an event-related EEG component (P3) were evaluated.ResultsWe found no significant differences in response time or performance accuracy between current intensities. The P3 amplitude was significantly lower in the 0mA condition compared to the 0.034mA, 1mA and 2mA tDCS conditions. Changes in WM accuracy were moderately correlated with changes in the P3 amplitude following tDCS compared to baseline levels (r = 0.34).ConclusionsWorking memory was not significantly altered by tDCS, regardless of dose. The P3 amplitude showed that stimulation at 1mA, 2mA and a sham condition (0.034mA) had biological effects, with the largest effect size for 1mA stimulation. These findings indicate higher sensitivity of neurophysiological outcomes to tDCS and suggests that sham stimulation previously considered inactive may alter neuronal function.

scholarly journals Emotional working memory in patients with major depressive disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1734-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Li ◽  
Lei Feng ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Bingbing Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Emotional Pictures ◽  
Mood Congruent Memory

Objective This study was performed to examine the working memory (WM) encoding and retrieval abilities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and determine whether a mood-congruent memory effect is present. Methods The modified Sternberg WM paradigm with positive, negative, and neutral emotional pictures was used to investigate the WM abilities of 26 patients with MDD and 26 healthy controls (HCs). Results No significant difference in picture WM was found between the MDD and HC groups; however, the accuracy of picture position WM was significantly lower and the response time was significantly longer in the MDD than HC group, regardless of the picture or position WM. Additionally, in the MDD group, the accuracy of negative picture/position WM was significantly higher than that of positive picture/position WM. Conclusions These results suggest that in patients with MDD, spatial WM impairment was more severe than object WM. In addition, these patients’ WM retrieval was impaired, resulting in a decrease in WM retrieval ability, which may be an important cause of the slow thought in patients with MDD. Moreover, patients with depression have a mood-congruent memory effect, which may be an important factor in the occurrence and maintenance of depression.

scholarly journals Refreshing and Removing Items in Working Memory: Different Approaches to Equivalent Processes?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Nathaniel Lintz ◽  
Matthew Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Response

Researchers have investigated “refreshing” of items in working memory (WM) as ameans of preserving them, while concurrently, other studies have examined “removal” of items from WM that are irrelevant. However, it is unclear whether refreshing and removal in WM truly represent different processes, or if participants, in an effort to avoid the to-be-removed items, simply refresh alternative items. We conducted two experiments to test whether these putative processes can be distinguished from one another. Participants were presented with sets of three words and then cued to either refresh one item or remove two items from WM, followed by a lexical decision probe containing either one of the just-seen words or a non-word. In Experiment 1, all probes were valid and in Experiment 2, probes were occasionally invalid (the probed word was one of the removed/non-refreshed items). In both experiments, participants also received a subsequent surprise long-term memory test. Results from both experiments suggested the expected advantages for refreshed (or non-removed) items in both short-term response time and long-term recognition, but no differences between refresh and remove instructions that would suggest a fundamental difference in processes. Thus, we argue that a functional distinction between refreshing and removal may not be necessary, and propose that both of these putative processes could potentially be subsumed under an overarching conceptual perspective based on the flexible reallocation of mental or reflective attention.

scholarly journals A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Cantelon ◽  
Grace E. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.

scholarly journals Alpha Phase Dynamics Predict Age-Related Visual Working Memory Decline

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam T. Tran ◽  
Nicole C. Hoffner ◽  
Sara C. LaHue ◽  
Lisa Tseng ◽  
Bradley Voytek
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Memory Array ◽  
Age Related

AbstractAlpha oscillations are modulated in response to visual temporal and spatial cues, However, the neural response to alerting cues is less explored, as is how this response is affected by healthy aging. Using scalp EEG, we examined how visual cortical alpha activity relates to working memory performance. Younger (20-30 years) and older (60-70 years) participants were presented with a visual alerting cue uninformative of the position or size of a lateralized working memory array. Older adults showed longer response times overall, and reduced accuracy when memory load was high. Older adults had less consistent cue-evoked phase resetting than younger adults, which predicted worse performance. Alpha phase prior to memory array presentation predicted response time, but the relationship between phase and response time was weaker in older adults. These results suggest that changes in alpha phase dynamics, especially prior to presentation of task-relevant stimuli, potentially contribute to age-related cognitive decline.

Stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves working memory and planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Puladi Farzaneh ◽  
Bagheri Masood ◽  
Ghasem Askarizadeh ◽  
Afsaneh Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The present study aimed to investigate whether working memory (WM) and planning performances can be enhanced using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). A total of 30 healthy individuals were randomly assigned to two groups: active (A)-tDCS and control (S)-tDCS. Anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (F3) and cathodal stimulation over the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (FP2) were further implemented at 2 mA in the A-tDCS group, while there was no intervention in the control group. The tools used were software versions of the three-level n-back task and Tower of London (TOL) task, and for each task we measured participants’ response accuracy and response time. The results showed a significant difference between the groups in both cognitive functions, suggesting that tDCS can improve response accuracy in memory and problem-solving ability, but it is less effective in terms of improving response time on planning. Overall, findings suggest that tDCS can enhance WM and planning performances.

Longitudinal effects of working memory on L2 grammar and reading abilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Sagarra
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Response Time ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Processing Task ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
Longitudinal Effects ◽  
Support Resource

Adults demonstrate difficulty and pronounced variability when developing second language (L2) grammatical knowledge and reading skills. We examine explanations in terms of individual differences in working memory (WM). Despite numerous studies, the association between WM and adult second language (L2) acquisition remains unclear, and longitudinal studies are scarce and contradictory. This study investigates whether WM affects L2 grammar and reading development in beginning classroom learners, using WM tests with (Waters and Caplan’s 1996 test) and without (Daneman and Carpenter’s 1980 test) a demanding processing task. In Experiment 1, 82 beginning first language (L1) English learners of Spanish completed Daneman and Carpenter’s test, and grammar and reading pretests and posttests one year apart. In Experiment 2, 330 beginning English learners of Spanish completed the same tests as in Experiment 1 and Waters and Caplan’s test. The results reveal that only Waters Caplan’s test (response time, recall span) yielded WM effects, and that response time (processing) negatively correlated with recall span (storage). These findings reveal longitudinal WM effects on L2 grammar and reading development at early acquisition stages, support resource-sharing WM models, and urge scholars to adopt WM tests with a processing task performed under timed conditions, and to analyse response time.

scholarly journals Uncovering Dynamic Brain Reconfiguration in MEG Working Memory n-Back Task Using Topological Data Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Nabi Duman ◽  
Ahmet Emin Tatar ◽  
Harun Pirim
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Topological Data Analysis ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Back Task ◽  
Topological Data

The increasing availability of high temporal resolution neuroimaging data has increased the efforts to understand the dynamics of neural functions. Until recently, there are few studies on generative models supporting classification and prediction of neural systems compared to the description of the architecture. However, the requirement of collapsing data spatially and temporally in the state-of-the art methods to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data cause loss of important information. In this study, we addressed this issue using a topological data analysis (TDA) method, called Mapper, which visualizes evolving patterns of brain activity as a mathematical graph. Accordingly, we analyzed preprocessed MEG data of 83 subjects from Human Connectome Project (HCP) collected during working memory n-back task. We examined variation in the dynamics of the brain states with the Mapper graphs, and to determine how this variation relates to measures such as response time and performance. The application of the Mapper method to MEG data detected a novel neuroimaging marker that explained the performance of the participants along with the ground truth of response time. In addition, TDA enabled us to distinguish two task-positive brain activations during 0-back and 2-back tasks, which is hard to detect with the other pipelines that require collapsing the data in the spatial and temporal domain. Further, the Mapper graphs of the individuals also revealed one large group in the middle of the stimulus detecting the high engagement in the brain with fine temporal resolution, which could contribute to increase spatiotemporal resolution by merging different imaging modalities. Hence, our work provides another evidence to the effectiveness of the TDA methods for extracting subtle dynamic properties of high temporal resolution MEG data without the temporal and spatial collapse.

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