The effects of windblown sand on the deterioration of mural paintings in cave 285, in Mogao caves, Dunhuang

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akane Mikayama ◽  
Shuichi Hokoi ◽  
Daisuke Ogura ◽  
Ken Okada ◽  
Bomin Su
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Windblown Sand

The Mogao caves in Dunhuang are a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the inland desert region of China. Within this site, cave 285 is one of the most important caves. Because a great deal of deterioration has taken place within this cave, a large amount of research has been carried out on the environmental effects of these changes. Results show that the east wall has been least affected by moisture, solar radiation, and daylight compared to the other walls and ceiling. However, the effects of deterioration, including scratches, detachment, and discoloration, are nevertheless seen on the east wall. In this study, we investigated the effects of adhesion and the collision of windblown sand as factors contributing to the deterioration of the east wall. We conclude that sand blown by high-velocity wind has led to detachment, flaking, and losses to the east wall including fading of the paintings.

Gropius and the Teddy Bear: a tale of two factories

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-356
Author(s):  
Brenda Vale ◽  
Robert Vale
Keyword(s):  
Modern Architecture ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Curtain Wall ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Teddy Bear ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
History Of ◽  
Double Skin

The architecturally radical Steiff teddy bear factory in Giengen, Germany is a three storey, double skin glass curtain wall building with a steel frame, built in 1903. It is almost unknown in architectural history. On the other hand the loadbearing brick Fagus factory built in 1911 to a design by Gropius and Meyer, in spite of its nineteenth century technology, has become a hallowed icon of modern architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The article discusses the contested history of both buildings and offers some suggestions as to why one became famous and the other did not. It also discusses the equally contested history of the teddy bear, showing that in both cases, history tends to ignore facts in favour of good stories.

INHERITING THE CITY: HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE OF GEORGE TOWN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohayah Che Amat
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Landscape Values ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Community Evaluation ◽  
George Town

This research presents the value of historic urban landscape (HUL) elements in influencing the character of George Town UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS), Penang, Malaysia. The values were perceived by the local community of different social-cultural groups that occupied the study area. The historic urban landscape elements constitute towards the protection of its townscape. The identification of the heritage elements influenced by the community interaction with their environment. This study also helps to define the character of a place, as well as reflecting its historical significance. The study adopted four techniques to gather both qualitative and quantitative data, including questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, visual survey and content analysis. In general, the local community has the capability in valuing the historic urban landscape values. The outcomes of their perceptions became the statement of the historic urban landscape values, which are expected to lead to the development of the areas. The community evaluation and perception can be expanded in implementing any development of the historic urban area by the authority.

scholarly journals The Wadden Sea as a National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site: Students’ Word Associations with These Two Conservation Designations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8006
Author(s):  
Till Schmäing ◽  
Norbert Grotjohann
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Significant Difference

The Wadden Sea ecosystem is unique in many respects from a biological perspective. This is one reason why it is protected by national parks in Germany and by its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In biology didactics, there are only a few studies that focus on the Wadden Sea. This work investigates students’ word associations with the two stimulus words “national park” and “UNESCO World Heritage Site”. The survey was conducted among students living directly at the Wadden Sea and among students from the inland. The analysis of the identified associations (n = 8345) was carried out within the framework of a quantitative content analysis to be able to present and discuss the results on a group level. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Overall, results showed that the students made subject-related associations as well as a large number of associations to both stimulus words that could be judged as non-subject-related. In some cases, a connection with the region of residence could be found, but this was not generally the case. Even students’ immediate residential proximity to the Wadden Sea is no guarantee that they have knowledge of the two considered protection terms.

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of an Earthen Masonry Structure Subjected to Blast Loading

CivilEng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-985
Author(s):  
Demiana Tse ◽  
João M. Pereira ◽  
Paulo B. Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Damage Index ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Impulsive Loading ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Explicit Dynamic

Historic monuments and construction capture the knowledge of civilizations of the past and are a source of pride for people of the present. Over the centuries, these buildings have been at risk from natural and man-made causes. The Alhambra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Granada, Spain, is one of such places. This paper aims to evaluate the structural performance of the Torre de la Vela, a tower in the Alhambra, under blast loads. The loads were based on historical records of barrels of gunpowder and were modeled as simplified pressure profiles using existing empirical equations. The effect of impulsive loading on the material properties was accounted for using dynamic increase factors, determined experimentally by previous authors. The model was created using finite element methods (FEM) and the problem was solved using explicit dynamic analysis available in Abaqus/Explicit. Using the failure volume damage index, a blast load applied outside and inside of the building would create a low damage level, which should be treated with caution given the occurrence of localized damage. The removal of elements exceeding a given damage threshold led to more visible damage patterns than the Concrete Tension Damage option in Abaqus.

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