scholarly journals EXPRESS: Comparing Person and People Perception: Multiple Group Members Do Not Increase Stereotype Priming

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110128
Author(s):  
Linn Maria Persson ◽  
Marius Golubickis ◽  
Dagmara Dublas ◽  
Neza Mastnak ◽  
Johanna Falben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Stereotype Priming ◽  
Prime Target

A characteristic feature of daily life is encountering people in groups. Surprisingly, however, at least during the initial stages of processing, research has focused almost exclusively on the construal of single individuals. As such, it remains unclear whether person and people (i.e., group) perception yield comparable or divergent outcomes. Addressing this issue, here we explored a core social-cognitive topic — stereotype activation — by presenting both single and multiple facial primes in a sequential-priming task. In addition, the processes underlying task performance were probed using a drift diffusion model analysis. Based on prior work, it was hypothesized that multiple (vs. single) primes would increase stereotype-based responding. Across two experiments, a consistent pattern of results emerged. First, stereotype priming was insensitive to the number of primes that were presented and occurred only at a short prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony (i.e., 250 ms). Second, priming was underpinned by a bias toward congruent (vs. incongruent) prime-target responses. Collectively these findings advance understanding of the emergence and origin of stereotype priming during person and people perception.

Semantic Processing of Foveally and Parafoveally Presented Words in a Lexical Decision Task

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis J. Fuentes ◽  
Pío Tudela
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

Using a lexical decision task in which two primes appeared simultaneously in the visual field for 150 msec followed by a target word, two experiments examined semantic priming from attended and unattended primes as a function of both the separation between the primes in the visual field and the prime-target stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). In the first experiment significant priming effects were found for both the attended and unattended prime words, though the effect was much greater for the attended words. In addition, and also for both attention conditions, priming showed a tendency to increase with increasing eccentricity (2.3°, 3.3°, and 4.3°) between the prime words in the visual field at the long (550 and 850 msec) but not at the short (250 msec) prime-target SOA. In the second experiment the prime stimuli were either two words (W-W) or one word and five Xs (W-X). We manipulated the degree of eccentricity (2° and 3.6°) between the prime stimuli and used a prime-target SOA of 850 msec. Again significant priming was found for both the attended and unattended words but only the W-W condition showed a decrement in priming as a function of the separation between the primes; this decrement came to produce negative priming for the unattended word at the narrow (2°) separation. These results are discussed in relation to the semantic processing of parafoveal words and the inhibitory effects of focused attention.

EXPRESS: Controlled or automatic? Influence of congruency proportion and stimulus onset asynchrony on the brightness-valence and space-valence metaphoric congruency effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110481
Author(s):  
Yanli Huang ◽  
Chi-Shing Tse ◽  
Jiushu Xie ◽  
Manqiong Shen ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Primed Word ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

Whether a cognitive process is operated automatically or in a controlled manner has been a long-standing question in cognitive psychology. However, this issue has not been investigated in the activation of metaphoric association. A primed word valence judgment task is often used to test the activation of metaphoric association, in which participants first see a prime (bright/dark square or fixation point moving up or down from the center of the screen) and then make a valence judgment to a target word. Metaphoric congruency effect occurs when participants make faster judgments to the target with valence being matched with the prime (good followed bright/top prime) than being mismatched with the prime (good followed dark/bottom prime). In the present two experiments, we manipulated prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and proportion of metaphorically congruent trials (congruency proportion) to tease apart the effects of automatic and controlled activation of brightness-valence and spatial-valence metaphoric associations on word valence judgments. Results showed an overall effect of congruency proportion on brightness-valence and spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect, which was independent of prime-target SOA. The effect was enhanced or reversed when congruency proportion was higher or lower than 0.5, respectively, suggesting that the activation of metaphoric association could be modulated by strategic control. The implications of these findings on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and semantic priming theories are discussed.

Sequential Stereotype Priming: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara K. Kidder ◽  
Katherine R. White ◽  
Michelle R. Hinojos ◽  
Mayra Sandoval ◽  
Stephen L. Crites
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Stereotype Priming ◽  
Explicit Measures

Psychological interest in stereotype measurement has spanned nearly a century, with researchers adopting implicit measures in the 1980s to complement explicit measures. One of the most frequently used implicit measures of stereotypes is the sequential priming paradigm. The current meta-analysis examines stereotype priming, focusing specifically on this paradigm. To contribute to ongoing discussions regarding methodological rigor in social psychology, one primary goal was to identify methodological moderators of the stereotype priming effect—whether priming is due to a relation between the prime and target stimuli, the prime and target response, participant task, stereotype dimension, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and stimuli type. Data from 39 studies yielded 87 individual effect sizes from 5,497 participants. Analyses revealed that stereotype priming is significantly moderated by the presence of prime–response relations, participant task, stereotype dimension, target stimulus type, SOA, and prime repetition. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on stereotype priming.

Priming Effect in a Color Discrimination Task

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Marangolo ◽  
Enrico Di Pace ◽  
Luigi Pizzamiglio
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Condition ◽  
Automatic Coding ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

Two experiments were run to test whether the automatic coding of colors generates priming effects. Subjects were tachistoscopically presented a series of prime-target sequences. The prime stimulus could be either a red, green, or black circular dot, followed by a red or green annular ring (target). The role of automatic and conscious mechanisms was investigated in Exp. 1 by manipulating the predictive validity of the prime stimuli (80%, 50%, 20%), keeping constant the value of stimulus-onset asynchrony (350 msec.). Analysis showed priming effects even in the low predictive condition, where no conscious expectations could be activated. In Exp. 2, three different values of stimulus-onset asynchrony were used, 150, 350, and 2100 msec. Priming effects were obtained in the short and medium stimulus-onset asynchrony condition but not in the long one. Over-all, the data of both experiments produce converging evidence which indicates that the automatic elaboration of colored stimuli may produce priming effects.

The Cost of Spatial-Attentional Precuing for the Perception of Spatially Quantised Visual Images

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
T Bachmann ◽  
N Kahusk
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Facilitative Effect ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Spatial Filters ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Facial Images

We have investigated the effects of selective attentional spatial precuing and levels of quantisation on the perception of spatially quantised visual images of faces. The coarseness (number of square-shaped isoluminant pixels per image) of quantisation of eight alternative facial images was systematically varied from 9 to 16 pixels per image (along the horizontal dimension). 16 grey levels of the image were used; both local and global precues that designated the position of the expected stimulus-image were employed. Precue-to-target stimulus onset asynchrony was equal to 120 ms, and target image duration was varied between 28 and 76 ms. Targets were exposed at one of four quasiperipheral positions, either after the precue or without the precue. It was found that precues had a facilitative effect on identification with fine levels of quantisation or with original images, but this changed to a cost for precuing with coarse levels (9 – 11 pixels per image). A dramatic drop in overall identification efficiency with moving from 12 pixels per image to 11 pixels per image condition was also revealed. The results are interpreted as supporting (1) the idea of gradual coarse-to-detailed presetting of spatial filters by the precue, and (2) the existence of some implicit relational metrics of the critical facial identity cues that can be ‘catastrophically’ disintegrated by a small but critical change in quantisation value.

Attention Effects on Form Discrimination at Different Eccentricities

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaryLou Cheal ◽  
Don Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Short Soas ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
Form Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Time Course Of Attention ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Considerable disagreement exists in the visual attention literature about how attention is allocated over the visual field. One frequently expressed metaphor is that attention moves like a spotlight, and in some variants it is assumed that attention takes longer to shift to targets further from fixation. In order to test this metaphor, five experiments were conducted in which target location was precued and form discrimination accuracy was assessed. By varying the interval between the precue and the target (stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA), a time course of attention effects was obtained for targets at 2°, 6°, and 10° eccentricity. In the first three experiments, precueing effects were found, but there were no differences in performance as a function of eccentricity for very short SOAs, with either a peripheral cue or a foveal arrow cue. For long SOAs, however, performance was better for targets that were closer to fixation. In Experiments 4 (peripheral cue) and 5 (foveal cue), the targets were scaled to make them equally discriminable at all eccentricities. Again precueing effects were found, but there were no differences in accuracy as a function of eccentricity for most SOAs. These results suggest that attention shifting is not analogous to a constant-velocity moving spotlight.

scholarly journals Effect of Prime and Target Repetition on Lexical Decision Time

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pitarque ◽  
Salvador Algarabel ◽  
Maria José Soler
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Target Repetition ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

On a prime-target lexical decision task we manipulated the relatedness between prime and target (semantically related or unrelated), the number of repetitions (from 1 to 5), the type of the repeated stimulus (only the prime, only the target, or both), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (within a range of automatic activation from 60 to 400 msec.) to find whether semantic and repetition priming are additive (or interact), and whether there is episodic priming in an automatic, nonconscious way. Analysis showed repetition and semantic priming were additive rather than interactive. No episodic automatic priming was found. Results are discussed in terms of the predictions made from the main theoretical positions about the repetition effect.

Spreading Activation in Episodic Memory: Further Evidence for Age Independence

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Balota ◽  
Janet M. Duchek
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Prime Target

Seventy-two young (mean age = 25 years) and 72 old adults (mean age = 71 years) participated in an experiment that addressed the influence of episodic and semantic prime activation on speeded episodic recognition judgements. On each test block, subjects studied two paragraphs at their own pace to achieve a designated level of episodic recognition performance. Following the study period, subjects were presented a series of prime–target trials for speeded episodic recognition. The primes were either (a) episodically related to the target, (b) semantically related to the target, (c) episodically and semantically related to the target, or (d) episodically and semantically unrelated to the target. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the primes and targets was either 200 msec, 600 msec, or 1000 msec to address age-related changes in the rate at which these different prime types influenced performance. The results indicated that, compared to young adults, the old adults (a) studied the paragraphs for a longer period of time, (b) responded to the targets more slowly, and (c) were less accurate in their episodic recognition decisions. Although there were these main effects of age, the young and old adults were influenced in a similar fashion by the different prime-target relationships and by the interactive influences of the prime–target relationships and SOA. Correlational analyses indicated that the pattern of priming effects was as similar across the two age groups as across two pseudo-groups that were matched on the age dimension. These results were viewed as further support for the notion that the characteristics of the spreading activation mechanism as reflected by prime–target manipulations are relatively stable across young and old adults.

scholarly journals Preferred Lexical Access Route in Persian Learners of English: Associative, Semantic or Both

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Zeinab Ghanbaryan ◽  
◽  
Fatemeh Nemati ◽  
Nasim Ghanbari ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

Background: Words in the Mental Lexicon (ML) construct semantic field through associative and/ or semantic connections, with a pervasive native speaker preference for the former. Non-native preferences, however, demand further inquiry. Previous studies have revealed inconsistent Lexical Access (LA) patterns due to the limitations in the methodology and response categorization. Objectives: To fill the gap, we employed a primed Picture Naming (PN) task for investigating the relations between concepts in the ML of Iranian EFL (English as a foreign language) learners. We also explored whether conscious priming at a long prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony affected the naming latency of the learners with different proficiency levels. Materials & Methods: The participants were 31 EFL learners (11-16 years old) at A1 and A2 levels based on the Common European Framework of Reference for languages. They were recruited in summer 2020 from language institutes in Bushehr and Kazeroon cities, Iran, through a convenience sampling method. They performed a PN task, including 66 prime-target pairs presented in associative, semantic, both semantic and associative, or unrelated conditions. The mixed-effects modeling was used for data analysis. Results: Based on the likelihood ratio test of model comparisons for condition effect (χ2 (1) =9.07, P=0.002), the interaction of condition, frequency, and length was significant in the semantic condition (t=2.72, P=0.008). A slight effect was also observed from the prime frequency in the associative condition (t=1.82, P=0.07). Conclusion: Results indicate one-level access to the ML, which is indeed a function of language proficiency. Findings are further discussed in terms of ML structure and patterns of LA.

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