scholarly journals HIGH GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF RED AS OPPOSED TO WHITE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS OF GUINEA PIGS

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 552-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. GILLESPIE ◽  
D. R. SIMPSON ◽  
V. R. EDGERTON
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Mouse Limb ◽  
Histochemical Examination

Histochemical examination of rabbit, rat, guinea pig and mouse limb skeletal muscles in our laboratory has revealed that most red muscle fibers in any given muscle stain more intensely for glycogen (periodic acid-Schiff's reaction) than white or intermediate fibers. Since most studies have concluded that white muscle has more glycogen than red muscle, this discrepancy was investigated. Eleven vastus lateralis muscles were resected from six adult male guinea pigs and cropped to yield "red," "moderate" and "white" regions. Cross-sections of each region were employed for histochemical fiber typing and the remaining pieces for biochemical glycogen analysis. These analyses have shown the red region to have significantly more glycogen (9.7 mg per g) and more red fibers (77%) than the white region (7.4 mg/g, 29%). Having essentially eliminated intermediate fibers by cropping, these findings reflect glycogen concentration in red and white muscle fibers. The existence of significant numbers of intermediate fibers usually found in red muscles may be responsible for the frequently exhibited higher glycogen content in white muscles.

Muscle metabolism of freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), during acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acidic water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krishna Murthy ◽  
P. Reddanna ◽  
M. Bhaskar ◽  
S. Govindappa
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Tilapia Mossambica ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), were subjected to acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acid water (pH 4.0), and the muscle metabolism was investigated. Differential patterns of carbohydrate metabolism were witnessed in the red and white muscles in response to both acute exposure and acclimation. The glycogen content of red muscle was elevated whereas that of white muscle was depleted on acute exposure. But on acclimation, both the muscles had elevated glycogen content. The red muscle seems to mobilize carbohydrates into both hexose mono- and di-phosphate pathways, but white muscle does so only into the hexose monophosphate pathway on acclimation. In general, both the muscles exhibited suppressed glycolysis and elevated oxidative phase leading to elevated glycogen level. The muscle metabolism was oriented towards conservation of carbohydrates and lesser production of organic acids on acclimation, as a possible metabolic adaptive mechanism of the fish, enabling them to counteract the imposed acid stress.

Recruitment of single muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Altenburg ◽  
H. Degens ◽  
W. van Mechelen ◽  
A. J. Sargeant ◽  
A. de Haan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

In literature, an inconsistency exists in the submaximal exercise intensity at which type II fibers are activated. In the present study, the recruitment of type I and II fibers was investigated from the very beginning and throughout a 45-min cycle exercise at 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake, which corresponded to 38% of the maximal dynamic muscle force. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken from six subjects at rest and during the exercise, two at each time point. From the first biopsy single fibers were isolated and characterized as type I and II, and phosphocreatine-to-creatine (PCr/Cr) ratios and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain intensities were measured. Cross sections were cut from the second biopsy, individual fibers were characterized as type I and II, and PAS stain intensities were measured. A decline in PCr/Cr ratio and in PAS stain intensity was used as indication of fiber recruitment. Within 1 min of exercise both type I and, although to a lesser extent, type II fibers were recruited. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio revealed that the same proportion of fibers was recruited during the whole 45 min of exercise, indicating a rather constant recruitment. The PAS staining, however, proved inadequate to fully demonstrate fiber recruitment even after 45 min of exercise. We conclude that during cycling exercise a greater proportion of type II fibers is recruited than previously reported for isometric contractions, probably because of the dynamic character of the exercise. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio method is more sensitive in determining fiber activation than the PAS stain intensity method.

scholarly journals GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE AND PHOSPHORYLASE IN RED AND WHITE MUSCLE OF RAT AND RHESUS MONKEY

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSE MARY BOCEK ◽  
CLARISSA H. BEATTY
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Glycogen Synthetase ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Histochemical Evidence ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Homogenates of red and white muscles from rats and monkeys were assayed for total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a and for the total and independent forms of glycogen synthetase. Total and phosphorylase a activities were higher in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of white as compared with red muscle from both rats and monkeys. Both forms of phosphorylase were higher in white muscle from rats when assayed on whole homogenates. The total and d form of glycogen synthetase activities were higher in red muscle from both species of animals. The ratio of I/total synthetase was 2- to 3-fold higher in muscle from monkeys as compared with that from rats. These results support histochemical evidence that phosphorylase is higher in white muscle fibers and glycogen synthetase is higher in red muscle fibers.

Red and White Muscle of Fish in Relation to Rigor Mortis

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Buttkus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Rigor Tension

The superficial red muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) was shown to exhibit unique properties of post-mortem contraction and tension development. In comparison with white muscle, rigor contraction and isometric rigor tension in red muscle were about three times as great. The rate of contraction of the red muscle was dependent on temperature and also on the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. The elastic modulus of the red muscle of trout and lingcod increased with increasing post-mortem time. Following the onset of rigor mortis a gradual increase in elasticity was observed. The maximum effects of contraction, tension and elasticity coincided with the onset of rigor mortis and each could therefore be used as a measure of this phenomenon. It was concluded from these experiments that stiffening of a fish with the onset of rigor mortis is not due to contraction or tension development of the muscles, but rather to their changing mechanical properties. A convenient measure of the changing mechanical properties in the muscle was the elastic modulus.Morphological differences between the very active, myoglobin rich, red muscle and the white muscle of lingcod were demonstrated by means of electron micrographs. The high glycogen content in the area of sarcoplasm of the red muscle, as indicated in electron micrographs, was confirmed by chemical analysis. Red muscle in rested fish was shown to contain from 1 to 3 times more glycogen than white muscle.

Exhaustive exercise, endurance training, and acid hydrolase activity in skeletal muscle

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vihko ◽  
A. Salminen ◽  
J. Rantamaki
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Cathepsin C ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Red Muscle

The activity of eight acid hydrolases and two energy metabolism enzymes were assayed from homogenates of predominantly red (proximal heads of m. vastus lateralis, m. vastus medialis, and m. vastus intermedius) and predominantly white (distal head of m. vastus lateralis) skeletal muscle of mice belonging to one of the following groups: 1) sedentary controls, never trained or exhausted; 2) exhausted controls, exhausted once by running on a treadmill 5, 10, or 20 days before killing; 3) trained mice, exercising until killed; 4) exhausted trained mice, exercising until exhausted 5, 10 or 20 days before killing, not exercising during that period; and 5) detrained mice, terminating training 5, 10, or 20 days before killing. In untrained but not in trained animals, exhaustive exercise caused, 5 days afterward, fiber necrosis and a marked increase in the activities of beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, cathepsin D, and cathepsin C, especially in red muscle fibers. Training increased the activities of citrate synthase, beta-glucuronidase, and cathepsin D in both muscle types and those of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulphatase, and cathepsin C in red muscle. Effects of detraining were minor. Exhaustive exercise causes lethal and evidently also sublethal fiber injuries manifesting themselves as an activation of the lysosomal system of muscle fibers 5 days later. Training affects cellular homeostasis by causing an apparent resistance to the damaging effects of exhaustive exercise. Moderately increased hydrolase activities may reflect increased turnover in endurance-trained muscles.

scholarly journals Distribution of Metals in Red and White Axial Muscles of Three Fish Species from the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir

2019 ◽  
pp. 430-444
Author(s):  
Nikita O. Yablokov ◽  
Olesya V. Anishchenko ◽  
Ivan V. Zuev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Fish Fillet ◽  
Roach Rutilus Rutilus ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Red And White Muscles

The content of metals in fish fillet is an important criterion for food safety and nutritional benefits. Fish fillet is composed of both white and red muscles, but the standard method only detects metal content in white muscle. The true metal content in fish fillet can be underestimated due to this approach. So far, metal content in different types of muscle tissue of freshwater fish remains virtually unstudied. The aim of the present research was to study the metal content in red and white muscles of roach Rutilus rutilus, bream Abramis brama and pike Esox lucius that live in the Krasnoyarsk reservoir. Twenty metals were measured in the dry mass of red and white muscles of three fish species using inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) spectrometry. The contents of macronutrients such as K, Ca and Mg were higher in white muscle fibers and Na – in red fibers. Of the 16 metals regarded as trace elements, the highest contents in the muscles were noted for Fe (20.5-177.8 μg/g), Zn (26.7-79.0 μg/g), and Al (15.2- 67.2 μg/g), regardless of the fish species and type of tissue. Li (0.01-0.09 μg/g) and Cd (0.01-0.03 μg/g) had the lowest concentrations. Among trace elements, the contents of Cu and Fe were significantly higher in the dry biomass of red muscle compared with white muscle for the three fish species. The content of Zn was higher in the red muscle of bream and pike. Almost all other trace elements also tended to accumulate in higher concentrations in the red muscle. Differences between red and white muscles in the contents of trace elements such as Pb and Sr were species-specific. The distribution of metals between the two types of muscle fibers demonstrated by the freshwater species examined in this study was similar to the distribution of metals in marine fish, except the distribution of Sr. Thus, the greater capacity of the red muscle for accumulating most heavy metals confirmed in the present study may indicate a greater risk to health in eating this type of tissue

Autoradiographic delineation of skeletal muscle alpha 1-adrenergic receptor distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. H1402-H1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Martin ◽  
T. K. Tolley ◽  
J. E. Saffitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Autoradiographic Analysis ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Fast Twitch

We used light microscopic autoradiography to quantify the distribution of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in vessels and muscle fibers of slow-twitch (type I), fast-twitch (types IIa and IIb), and mixed fiber muscles of the rat hindquarter. Frozen cross sections of soleus, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius muscles were incubated under equilibrium binding conditions with 10-200 pM [3H]prazosin with or without 10(-5) M phentolamine. Because of the low concentration of bound radioligand, specific binding could not be detected with scintillation spectrometry in whole tissue sections scraped from slides. However, quantitative autoradiographic analysis after extended intervals of emulsion exposure revealed a low but significant level of specific binding in muscle fibers. No difference in alpha 1-receptor density was observed among types I, IIa, and IIb fibers. Small blood vessels had a much greater alpha 1-receptor density than muscle fibers. Resistance arterioles (20-100 microns diam) and small arteries (100-500 microns diam) contained 5.8 +/- 0.9 and 31.6 +/- 7.6 (+/- SE) times more binding sites per unit section area, respectively, than did surrounding muscle fibers (both P less than 0.001). Ratios of specific grain densities in fibers and blood vessels did not vary with radioligand concentration, indicating that observed grain densities reflected differences in receptor concentration rather than radioligand affinity by fiber and vessel receptors. The densities of vascular alpha 1-receptors did not vary in slow- and fast-twitch muscles, but resistance arterioles were six and eight times more numerous in soleus than in gastrocnemius and vastus muscles, respectively (both P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fiber type-specific muscle glycogen sparing due to carbohydrate intake before and during exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. De Bock ◽  
W. Derave ◽  
M. Ramaekers ◽  
E. A. Richter ◽  
P. Hespel
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Fibers ◽  
Glycogen Sparing

The effect of carbohydrate intake before and during exercise on muscle glycogen content was investigated. According to a randomized crossover study design, eight young healthy volunteers ( n = 8) participated in two experimental sessions with an interval of 3 wk. In each session subjects performed 2 h of constant-load bicycle exercise (∼75% maximal oxygen uptake). On one occasion (CHO), they received carbohydrates before (∼150 g) and during (1 g·kg body weight−1·h−1) exercise. On the other occasion they exercised after an overnight fast (F). Fiber type-specific relative glycogen content was determined by periodic acid Schiff staining combined with immunofluorescence in needle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle before and immediately after exercise. Preexercise glycogen content was higher in type IIa fibers [9.1 ± 1 × 10−2 optical density (OD)/μm2] than in type I fibers (8.0 ± 1 × 10−2 OD/μm2; P < 0.0001). Type IIa fiber glycogen content decreased during F from 9.6 ± 1 × 10−2 OD/μm2 to 4.5 ± 1 × 10−2 OD/μm2 ( P = 0.001), but it did not significantly change during CHO ( P = 0.29). Conversely, in type I fibers during CHO and F the exercise bout decreased glycogen content to the same degree. We conclude that the combination of carbohydrate intake both before and during moderate- to high-intensity endurance exercise results in glycogen sparing in type IIa muscle fibers.

A study of glycogen and lactate in the myotomal muscles and liver of the Coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during sustained swimming

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Johnston ◽  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
The Mean

The locomotor roles of the myotomal muscles of fish are dependent on swimming speed. The mean maximum sustained swimming speed for coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during a 6-h period in an experimental exercise chamber was determined using a fixedvelocity technique and found to be 4 bodylengths/s. Biochemical measurements were made on the concentration of glycogen and lactate in the red muscle and white muscle at a series of known swimming speeds. Evidence is provided that red muscle alone is used at speeds below 2 bodylengths/s. The fall in concentration of red muscle glycogen was directly proportional to increased swimming speed. At speeds in excess of 2 bodylengths/s a statistically significant increase in lactate concentration occurred in the white muscle fibres. A reduction in glycogen content of the white muscle was also noted at speeds at and above the estimated mean sustained swimming speed. These results are discussed in the light of the current ideas pertaining to the division of labour between myotomal muscles in fish.

Control of glycogenosis in rainbow trout muscle during exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Parkhouse ◽  
G. P. Dobson ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Red Muscle

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the in vivo levels of glycolytic pathway intermediates during high-intensity, progressive exercise in rainbow trout red and white muscle. The mass action ratios of those reactions catalyzed by the enzymes hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase appear to be displaced far from thermodynamic equilibrium (greater than log 2) under all experimental conditions in both tissue types. Furthermore, the near-equilibrium glyceral-dehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase complex deviated from thermodynamic equilibrium during the exhaustive swim for white muscle and for all exercise intensities in red muscle. The mass action ratio of the combined glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated displacements from thermodynamic equilibrium similar to those of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex. Potential control sites were identified as phosphorylase for white muscle and hexokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase for red muscle. No alterations in potential control sites were found in white muscle with changing flux rates (sustained and burst swims) provided sufficient glycogen was available as precursor. Phosphofructokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase only demonstrated potential control in this tissue when glycogen content and flux rates were low (exhaustive swim). These changes coincided with substrate depletion to low levels and large declines in the ATP/ADPf ratio. Therefore, it would appear that glycogen content is the primary factor regulating glycolytic flux and control sites via alterations in adenylate levels.

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