Russia, the European Union and the “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine: The East-West Conflict Revisited?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
André W.M. Gerrits
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Orange Revolution ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
East West

Victor Yushchenko's hard-won victory in the December 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine, also known as the ‘Orange Revolution’, seems typical of some important international political trends in Europe: one, democratic intervention by Western governmental and non-governmental organizations in the internal affairs of (semi-)authoritarian states in the eastern part of Europe has shown some remarkable results; two, the Russian Federation openly, though not very successfully, interferes into these disputes, in order to secure its interests in this region; and third, subsequently, tensions between Russia and the ‘West’ (in this case, the United States and the European Union are in agreement) are on the rise, using political terminology that reminds us of the Cold War era: democracy, human rights, and spheres of influence. Do we run the risk, ten years after the collapse of the communist powerhouse Soviet Union, to start a new East-West conflict? Does Europe have legitimate security interests in the ‘Near Abroad’ (the Kremlin's jargon for the republics of the former Soviet Union minus the Baltic States), and if so, how should we define them against the ambitions, imperial or otherwise, of the Russian Federation?

scholarly journals Will Central and Eastern European Countries Dismantle the European Union?—Contrasting European Developments to Current Trends in the US

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. p234
Author(s):  
Iván Major
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The European Union ◽  
East European ◽  
Eastern European Countries

This paper analyzes the historical background of the current developments in Central Eastern Europe, in other parts of Eastern Europe and in previously member countries of the former Soviet Union. The author concludes that the political and economic transformation of these countries to a solid democracy and well-functioning market economy have not been successful for most of them yet, and this may have serious consequences on the European Union, too.The paper contrasts these trends with what we can observe in the United States now. The author turns to the “hard facts” next, when he discusses the different factors of human and economic development and the issue of migration in the Central and East European post-socialist countries and in a selected group of advanced countries.

Russia-NATO Strategic Rivalry and Influence Struggle in Eastern Europe in Security and Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132
Author(s):  
Syaiful Rohman ◽  
Marthen Napang ◽  
Siti Nurhasanah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Political Security

Global powers such as NATO, European Union, China and Russia have different characteristics and interests in world politics. Russia after Soviet Union tends to be in a relatively weak position in terms of influence, security and economy. Today Russia's relations with the European Union and the United States have improved after the Cold War. In recent years, Russia and NATO have not only strengthened the economy and security related to the military, but have gone so far as to strengthen the influence of its main State in Eastern Europe. This study will analyze Russia's political policies towards NATO and Eastern Europe from the perspective of security and economic interests. The method used is qualitative by conducting an in-depth study of the data obtained from the results of previous research. The results of this study indicate that Russia and NATO are involved in competing for strategic influence in Eastern Europe, especially Ukraine and the former Soviet Union. Russia and NATO, which is sponsored by the United States, are trying to achieve their respective interests by making efforts to increase strength which includes political, security and economic.

scholarly journals Raphaël Lemkin, Genocide, Colonialism, Famine, and Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-215
Author(s):  
Douglas Irvin-Erickson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of

Many words have been used to name and describe the Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33, including “famine” and “catastrophe,” “the Holodomor,” and now “genocide.” Was the famine genocide? Was the famine part of a genocide? Is the word genocide an exaggeration? Is naming the famine a genocide part of an attempt to dramatize events for political purposes today? Is the refusal to call the famine a genocide an act of genocide denial? This article argues that, though more than seven decades have passed and the Soviet Union has come and gone, questions about genocide in Ukraine remain intertwined in the discourses and narratives surrounding conflicts over Ukraine’s economic, political, social, and cultural position between the European Union and the Russian Federation. Given the implications of this word—“genocide”—within the context of current conflicts over Ukrainian history and identity and even sovereignty, it is important to reflect on how this concept has been used and applied. This paper analyzes conflict in Ukraine in the 1930s using Raphaël Lemkin's definition of genocide, as opposed to the legal definition established by the UN Genocide Convention, and discusses the conceptual strengths of Lemkin's definition of genocide in terms of understanding a wide-spectrum of oppressive, repressive, and violent processes of empire-building and colonization that occurred in Ukraine, and which culminated in the Holodomor.

scholarly journals Anti-Russian sanctions due to the Ukrainian crisis of 2014: assessment of consequences and prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Sergei Valer'evich Krivov ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Baranova ◽  
Sergey Valer'evich Starkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of this research is the sanctions imposed by Western countries against Russia in response to the Ukrainian events of 2014. Leaning on the available empirical data and expert assessments conducted by various financial and analytical structures, an attempt is made to identify the nature and severity of impact of sanction pressure upon different economic sectors of the Russian Federation, implemented for achieving the foreign policy goals. Emphasis is placed on the absence of uniform sanctions policy due to the specificity of foreign policy goals and peculiarities of sanction mechanisms used by the United States and the European Union. It is underlined that anti-Russian sanctions and Russia’s response in many instances are substantiated by the preceding trends in strategic vision of foreign and domestic policy by the Russian Federation, as well as the nature of its relations with the West. The conclusion is made that the focus in studying the problem of sanctions has shifted towards the political analysis and further analytical and scientific examination. The author believes that in the conditions of uncertainty of the economic effects and absence of common approaches towards understanding the prospects of sanctions policy by the Western countries the two main scenarios of its further development. It would either gradually fade out without “renewed efforts”, slowly negating its practical effect, and prompt the United States and the European Union intensify the dialogue with Russia, avoiding the problematic issues on the status of Crimea, implication in the events in South-Eastern Ukraine, etc.; or it can lead to full “politicization” of sanctions polity and its integration into the negotiation process on settlement of the Ukrainian situation and turning into a powerful tool for conducting negotiations.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical innovations patenting: the experience of the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Diana A. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Russian Federation

Introduction. When patenting pharmaceutical innovations, in the context of rapid technological progress, pharmaceutical companies often have to face identifying patentable objects both in the Russian Federation and in the United States of America and the European Union. The aim of the study is to review the possibilities for patenting pharmaceutical innovations in the Russian Federation, the United States of America and the European Union, as well as to identify the advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation of innovative solutions of pharmaceutical companies in the context of the specifics of legal systems. Material and methods. The national legislation in patenting medical innovations was studied, and the relevant experience of the USA and the European Union was analyzed. The methodological basis of the research is made up of both general scientific and private scientific legal methods: systemic, method of concretization, methods of synthesis and analysis, as well as the comparative-legal method. Results. Depending on the legislator’s position, a basis is being formed for the legal regulation of innovative solutions of pharmaceutical companies, which may not yet be named in regulatory legal acts due to their fundamental novelty. Legal gaps and conflicts in the US and the EU are resolved through in-depth analysis and consideration of each specific dispute by the court. In Russia, the settlement of this issue is on the way to solving it through local regulations and the position of the relevant federal executive bodies. Conclusion. Patenting in the pharmaceutical field is mainly of a stimulating nature, since it allows protecting innovative solutions at the stage of their development. However, the legislator has particular difficulties in identifying patentable objects in the context of rapid technological progress.

What Was Socialist Food and What Comes Next?

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-532
Author(s):  
ANTON MASTEROVOY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Agriculture ◽  
Food Shortages

Food in the former Soviet Union remains serious political business. In the summer of 2014, in retaliation against Western sanctions imposed in response to the annexation of Crimea, Vladimir Putin's government decreed an odd brand of ‘self-sanctions’ by forbidding the importation of many foodstuffs from the United States and the European Union. Conservative supporters of President Putin sprang into action, exhorting Russian consumers to embrace the opportunity to develop Russian agriculture while Putin's opponents raised the spectre of late Soviet food shortages. Though starvation does not seem like a genuine threat to modern Russia, the fact that these questions are raised at all requires scholars of food to pay attention to Russia and scholars of Russia to view food as an important aspect of the country's history. Serious studies of food in the Soviet Union and under other socialist regimes are particularly worthy of attention since these socio-economic systems, paradoxically, were best known both for proclaiming an end to hunger and for presiding over chronic shortages if not outright famines.

scholarly journals Development of the national list of carcinogens, mutagens and reprotoxicants and its implementation in the regulation of the circulation of chemicals over the territory of the Russian Federation and member states of the Eurasian economic union

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 897-902
Author(s):  
Khalidya Kh. Khamidulina ◽  
Dinara N. Rabikova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

Introduction. Highly hazardous chemicals that can cause distant and specific effects in the human body and various representatives of natural biota are circulating on the market. To develop effective measures to minimize the risk of chemicals exposure and to inform the general public in the countries of the European Union, the United States and many other countries, national lists of substances that are potentially dangerous due to one or another type of effect on the body are being created. There are no lists of chemicals with reprotoxic and mutagenic effects in the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union. There is also a need to update the list of substances with carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study. Creation of lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, based on a single international harmonized approach to the assessment, hazard classification and labelling of these highly hazardous substances. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the information was carried out on about two thousand substances included in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the European Union, as well as on a huge array of data from domestic and foreign sources of information, using the principles of evidence-based medicine. Results. Based on the obtained data, lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic were formed. The list of chemicals according to the danger of impact on reproductive function and development of offspring, which consists of substances classified into two classes, as well as compounds that affect through lactation. Seventy-five substances were assigned to class 1, 46 were included in the second class, and 16 substances were allocated to a separate class that influences the newborn through lactation. The list of mutagenic effects included 589 chemical substances, and due to the lack of epidemiological data, the analysis did not allow any of the substances to be attributed to hazard class 1A, 438 substances were classified to hazard class 1B, 151 substances were classified to hazard class 2. As a result of the analysis, a list of carcinogens was formed, among which 133 substances were assigned to the 1st class, and 244 were classified to the 2nd hazard class. Conclusion. These lists, to implement the Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union “On the Safety of Chemical Products” (TR EAEU 041/2017), were included in Annex No. 7 of the Procedure for Forming and Maintaining the Register of Chemicals and Mixtures of the Eurasian Economic Union, and also formed the basis for coding production and consumption waste according to these effects.

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