scholarly journals Development of the national list of carcinogens, mutagens and reprotoxicants and its implementation in the regulation of the circulation of chemicals over the territory of the Russian Federation and member states of the Eurasian economic union

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 897-902
Author(s):  
Khalidya Kh. Khamidulina ◽  
Dinara N. Rabikova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

Introduction. Highly hazardous chemicals that can cause distant and specific effects in the human body and various representatives of natural biota are circulating on the market. To develop effective measures to minimize the risk of chemicals exposure and to inform the general public in the countries of the European Union, the United States and many other countries, national lists of substances that are potentially dangerous due to one or another type of effect on the body are being created. There are no lists of chemicals with reprotoxic and mutagenic effects in the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union. There is also a need to update the list of substances with carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study. Creation of lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, based on a single international harmonized approach to the assessment, hazard classification and labelling of these highly hazardous substances. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the information was carried out on about two thousand substances included in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the European Union, as well as on a huge array of data from domestic and foreign sources of information, using the principles of evidence-based medicine. Results. Based on the obtained data, lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic were formed. The list of chemicals according to the danger of impact on reproductive function and development of offspring, which consists of substances classified into two classes, as well as compounds that affect through lactation. Seventy-five substances were assigned to class 1, 46 were included in the second class, and 16 substances were allocated to a separate class that influences the newborn through lactation. The list of mutagenic effects included 589 chemical substances, and due to the lack of epidemiological data, the analysis did not allow any of the substances to be attributed to hazard class 1A, 438 substances were classified to hazard class 1B, 151 substances were classified to hazard class 2. As a result of the analysis, a list of carcinogens was formed, among which 133 substances were assigned to the 1st class, and 244 were classified to the 2nd hazard class. Conclusion. These lists, to implement the Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union “On the Safety of Chemical Products” (TR EAEU 041/2017), were included in Annex No. 7 of the Procedure for Forming and Maintaining the Register of Chemicals and Mixtures of the Eurasian Economic Union, and also formed the basis for coding production and consumption waste according to these effects.

The Eurasian Economic Union: Problems and Prospects

2018 ◽  
pp. 722-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seljan Verdiyeva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Council ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Eurasian Region

Abstract On 29 May 2014, during the meeting of Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, the Presidents of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Presently, the EAEU consists of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic. Nonetheless, the EAEU is lobbying for an ambitious plan of enlargement and is aiming to expand across the entire Eurasian region. The EAEU claims to be the second union after the European Union with the deepest integration aspirations, containing similar institutions and decision-making approaches. This article argues that there are a number of challenges for the effective functioning of EAEU and that its Member States are not yet fully committed to liberalization in practice, contrary to the aspirations they are advocating.

scholarly journals Administrative regulation measures for foreign trade in the European union (on the example of the Republic of Poland) and in the Eurasian economic union (on the example of the Russian Federation)

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Kardanov ◽  
V. N. Kulik
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Republic

The European Union is the largest trading partner for the Eurasian Economic Union. The multi-integration of the Eurasian Economic Union with foreign countries practically guarantees a positive result. The issues, related with non-tariff measures regulating foreign trade, have been considered in the article. For the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Russian Federation in particular, in the near future, the main task should be step-by-step standardization and elimination of almost all non-tariff barriers to trade, as these values significantly aggravate the counter-trade in goods and services and hinder further integration. And this concerns, above all, the development towards the European Union.

scholarly journals Экспертное интервью: Предварительные итоги 2020 года для Центральной Азии

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Union

В настоящее время мы являемся свидетелями трансформации мирового порядка. Соединённые Штаты и Китай развязывают новую холодную войну, Европейский союз находится в поиске своей самостоятельной роли в мире, на Россию продолжается давление со стороны Запада. Цифровые технологии становятся важнейшим инструментом реализации государствами своей воли. Пандемия, разразившаяся в мире, ускоряет эти процессы. Предложенную Москвой концепцию Большого Евразийского партнёрства можно оценивать как целесообразный проект, но он нуждается в развитии и уточнении. Ключевыми направлениями становятся отношения с Китаем, также претендующего на роль глобального игрока, и со странами Центральной Азии, составляющими сердцевину пространства проекта Большой Евразии, стабильность которого напрямую влияет на безопасность России. Появление горячих точек на границе и внутри Большой Евразии (конфликт в Нагорном Карабахе, волнения в Белоруссии и Киргизии) являются вызовами для России, на которые необходимо своевременно реагировать, чтобы не допустить их разрастания и превращения в угрозы. Об этом старший преподаватель кафедры международных отношений ВИ - ШРМИ ДВФУ Марина Дмитриева поговорила с доктором философских наук, экспертом ООН, председателем Ассоциации экспертов и аналитиков «Изыскания Срединной Азии» Сергеем Ивановичем Масауловым, который долгое время жил и работал в Бишкеке, являлся руководителем аналитических центров, директором Института стратегического анализа и оценки при Президенте КР. We are currently witnessing a transformation of the world order. The United States and China are unleashing a new Cold War, the European Union is in search of its own independent role in the world, and Russia continues to be under pressure from the West. This interview discusses the events that took place in Central Asia in 2020. S. Masaulov expresses the opinion that the coronavirus pandemic did not cause the coup in Kyrgyzstan, but there were internal prerequisites for it, which the authorities further aggravated on the eve of the elections. The interlocutor talks about the possibility of repeating these events in Kazakhstan. The article deals with the issues of China's policy in Central Asia and the possible strengthening of Turkey's influence in the light of recent events in Nagorny Karabakh. In addition, S. Masaulov gives his opinion on the development of the Eurasian Economic Union and the necessary changes in Russia's policy in the Eurasian space.

scholarly journals Anti-Russian sanctions due to the Ukrainian crisis of 2014: assessment of consequences and prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Sergei Valer'evich Krivov ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Baranova ◽  
Sergey Valer'evich Starkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of this research is the sanctions imposed by Western countries against Russia in response to the Ukrainian events of 2014. Leaning on the available empirical data and expert assessments conducted by various financial and analytical structures, an attempt is made to identify the nature and severity of impact of sanction pressure upon different economic sectors of the Russian Federation, implemented for achieving the foreign policy goals. Emphasis is placed on the absence of uniform sanctions policy due to the specificity of foreign policy goals and peculiarities of sanction mechanisms used by the United States and the European Union. It is underlined that anti-Russian sanctions and Russia’s response in many instances are substantiated by the preceding trends in strategic vision of foreign and domestic policy by the Russian Federation, as well as the nature of its relations with the West. The conclusion is made that the focus in studying the problem of sanctions has shifted towards the political analysis and further analytical and scientific examination. The author believes that in the conditions of uncertainty of the economic effects and absence of common approaches towards understanding the prospects of sanctions policy by the Western countries the two main scenarios of its further development. It would either gradually fade out without “renewed efforts”, slowly negating its practical effect, and prompt the United States and the European Union intensify the dialogue with Russia, avoiding the problematic issues on the status of Crimea, implication in the events in South-Eastern Ukraine, etc.; or it can lead to full “politicization” of sanctions polity and its integration into the negotiation process on settlement of the Ukrainian situation and turning into a powerful tool for conducting negotiations.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical innovations patenting: the experience of the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Diana A. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Russian Federation

Introduction. When patenting pharmaceutical innovations, in the context of rapid technological progress, pharmaceutical companies often have to face identifying patentable objects both in the Russian Federation and in the United States of America and the European Union. The aim of the study is to review the possibilities for patenting pharmaceutical innovations in the Russian Federation, the United States of America and the European Union, as well as to identify the advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation of innovative solutions of pharmaceutical companies in the context of the specifics of legal systems. Material and methods. The national legislation in patenting medical innovations was studied, and the relevant experience of the USA and the European Union was analyzed. The methodological basis of the research is made up of both general scientific and private scientific legal methods: systemic, method of concretization, methods of synthesis and analysis, as well as the comparative-legal method. Results. Depending on the legislator’s position, a basis is being formed for the legal regulation of innovative solutions of pharmaceutical companies, which may not yet be named in regulatory legal acts due to their fundamental novelty. Legal gaps and conflicts in the US and the EU are resolved through in-depth analysis and consideration of each specific dispute by the court. In Russia, the settlement of this issue is on the way to solving it through local regulations and the position of the relevant federal executive bodies. Conclusion. Patenting in the pharmaceutical field is mainly of a stimulating nature, since it allows protecting innovative solutions at the stage of their development. However, the legislator has particular difficulties in identifying patentable objects in the context of rapid technological progress.

Russia, the European Union and the “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine: The East-West Conflict Revisited?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
André W.M. Gerrits
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Orange Revolution ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
East West

Victor Yushchenko's hard-won victory in the December 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine, also known as the ‘Orange Revolution’, seems typical of some important international political trends in Europe: one, democratic intervention by Western governmental and non-governmental organizations in the internal affairs of (semi-)authoritarian states in the eastern part of Europe has shown some remarkable results; two, the Russian Federation openly, though not very successfully, interferes into these disputes, in order to secure its interests in this region; and third, subsequently, tensions between Russia and the ‘West’ (in this case, the United States and the European Union are in agreement) are on the rise, using political terminology that reminds us of the Cold War era: democracy, human rights, and spheres of influence. Do we run the risk, ten years after the collapse of the communist powerhouse Soviet Union, to start a new East-West conflict? Does Europe have legitimate security interests in the ‘Near Abroad’ (the Kremlin's jargon for the republics of the former Soviet Union minus the Baltic States), and if so, how should we define them against the ambitions, imperial or otherwise, of the Russian Federation?

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

ON THE NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYGIENIC STANDARDS (MACs) IN THE WATER AND AIR OF THE WORKING AREA FOR PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Kh. Kh. Khamidulina ◽  
E. V. Tarasova ◽  
A. S. Proskurina ◽  
A. R. Egiazaryan ◽  
I. V. Zamkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Stockholm Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
The Russian Federation

Currently, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has no hygienic standards in the air of the working area and objects of the human environment in the Russian Federation. By the decision of the Stockholm Convention SC-9/12, PFOA, its salts and derivatives are included in Part I of Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2019 (with exceptions for possible use). The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade included PFOA, its salts and derivatives in the list of potential candidates for inclusion in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention at the next meeting COP10 in 2021. The use of this chemical on the territory of the Russian Federation entails water and air pollution. Industrial emissions and waste water from fluoropolymer production, thermal use of materials and products containing polytetrafluoroethylene, biological and atmospheric degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols, waste water from treatment facilities are the sources of the release of PFOA into the environment. Analysis of international databases has showed that PFOA is standardized in the air of the working area in Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In the countries of the European Union, as well as the USA and Canada, the issue of PFOA standardizing in drinking water is being now actively under discuss. Taking into account the high toxicity and hazard of the substance and the serious concern of the civil society of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing requested the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances to develop MACs for perfluorooctanoic acid in the air of the working area and water as soon as possible. The MACs for PFOA have been proposed using risk analysis: 0,005 mg/m3, aerosol, hazard class 1 – in the air of the working area and 0,0002 mg/L, the limiting hazard indicator – sanitary-toxicological, hazard class 1 – in the water.

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