Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in NCAA Jumping Athletes in the United States During 2009-2014

Background: Foot and ankle injuries comprise a significant proportion of all injuries sustained by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. In particular, sports that combine jumping and rapid changes in direction are associated with increased lower extremity injuries. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in men’s and women’s jumping sports, including NCAA men’s and women’s basketball, women’s volleyball, and women’s gymnastics, during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 seasons. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury-surveillance data were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 seasons. Injuries were examined by mechanism, activity during injury, and participation restriction time. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios, and risk ratios with 95% CIs were calculated. Reported sex differences were calculated for men’s and women’s basketball. All 95% CIs not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 1136 players sustained foot and ankle injuries (483 male and 653 female) over 612,680 AEs. These injuries resulted in a combined rate of 1.85 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 1.75-1.97). Ankle sprains were the most common injury (63.7%), with lateral ligamentous complex injuries making up 77.1% of all ankle sprains. The most common foot injury varied based on sport and sex. Ankle injury rates were higher in male versus female basketball players (injury rate ratio, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.13-1.57]), but foot injury rates did not differ. Among basketball and volleyball players, player contact during jumping was the most common injury mechanism. Female gymnasts had higher overuse injury rates than other athletes (0.49/1000 AEs [95% CI, 0.30-0.74]; P < .002). Overall, female basketball players were 1.81 times more likely to sustain an overuse injury than male basketball players (95% CI, 1.02-3.20; P = .02). Conclusion: The most common foot and ankle injury sustained in collegiate jumping sports was a lateral ligamentous complex ankle sprain. Injury-prevention programs focusing on ankle flexibility, strength, and proprioception may help to alleviate the injury burden and lessen severity. Improving the anticipation of contact during jumping and landing may reduce injury rates and increase player safety. The increased prevalence of overuse injuries in female collegiate athletes competing in jumping sports necessitates further investigation to reduce injury rates through prevention and training programs.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in NCAA Jumping Athletes in the United States from 2009-2014

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119s00386 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽

pp. 2325967119S0038

Author(s):

Joseph Benjamin Lytle ◽

Kisan B. Parikh ◽

Armin Tarakemeh ◽

Bryan George Vopat ◽

Mary K. Mulcahey

Keyword(s):

Confidence Intervals ◽

The United States ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Foot Injury

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in men’s and women’s NCAA basketball, women’s volleyball, and women’s gymnastics during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 seasons. Methods: Injury surveillance data was obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) for the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 seasons. Injuries were examined by mechanism, activity during injury, participation restriction time, and recurrence. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs), and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Reported sex differences were calculated for men’s and women’s basketball. All 95% confidence intervals not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Results: During the study period, 1136 players sustained foot and ankle injuries (483 male, 653 female) over 612,680 AEs. In total, these injuries resulted in a combined rate of 1.85/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI 1.75 -1.97). Ankle sprains were the most common injury overall (63.7%), with lateral ligamentous complex (LLC) injuries comprising 77.1% of all ankle sprains. The most common foot injury varied based on sport and sex. Ankle injury rates were higher in male vs female basketball players (IRR=1.33, 95% CI 1.13 -1.57), but foot injury rates did not differ. Foot injuries occurred at half the rate of ankle injuries, but were significantly more likely to be severe (time loss over 30+ days) (IRR=3.37, 95% CI 1.91-5.949). Among basketball and volleyball athletes, player contact was the most common mechanism of injury and occurred most often while engaging in team jumping activities (rebounding, shooting, blocking, spiking). Surface contact was the most common mechanism in gymnasts. Female gymnasts had higher chronic injury rates than all other sports examined (0.485/1000 AEs, 0.304-0.735, p<0.002). Overall, female basketball players were 1.98 times more likely to suffer an overuse injury than male athletes (95% CI 1.14-3.45, p=0.005). Conclusion: Athletes participating in jumping sports have a higher rate of lateral ligamentous complex ankle sprains than other NCAA sports. Deterring player contact during jumping and landing by way of coaching and/or rule changes may reduce injury rates and improve player safety. The increased prevalence of chronic injuries in female collegiate athletes competing in jumping sports necessitates further investigation in order to identify opportunities to reduce injury rates through prevention and training programs. [Table: see text]

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men’s and Women’s Ice Hockey

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119865908 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 232596711986590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven G. Crowley ◽

David P. Trofa ◽

J. Turner Vosseller ◽

Prakash Gorroochurn ◽

Lauren H. Redler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Time Loss ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Hockey Players

Background: Ice hockey is a high-speed contact sport in which athletes are prone to many different injuries. While past studies have examined overall injury rates in ice hockey, foot and ankle injuries among collegiate ice hockey players have yet to be analyzed. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries among collegiate ice hockey players utilizing data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program. We hypothesized that male ice hockey players would sustain more injuries compared with female ice hockey players and that the injuries sustained would be more severe. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data on all foot and ankle injuries sustained during the academic years 2004 through 2014 were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Injury rates, rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% CIs. Results: Over the study period, the overall rate of foot and ankle injuries for men was higher than that for women (413 vs 103 injuries, respectively; RR, 4.01 [95% CI, 3.23-4.97]). Injury rates were highest during the regular season for both men (358 injuries; RR, 64.78 [95% CI, 58.07-71.49]) and women (89 injuries; RR, 38.37 [95% CI, 30.40-46.35]) compared with the preseason or postseason. The most common injury in men was a foot and/or toe contusion (22.5%), while women most commonly sustained a low ankle sprain (31.1%). For men, foot and/or toe contusions accounted for the most non–time loss (≤24 hours ) and moderate time-loss (2-13 days) injuries, while high ankle sprains accounted for the most severe time-loss (≥14 days) injuries. For women, foot and/or toe contusions accounted for the most non–time loss injuries, low ankle sprains accounted for the most moderate time-loss injuries, and high ankle sprains accounted for the most severe time-loss injuries. Conclusion: Foot and ankle injuries were frequent among collegiate ice hockey players during the period studied. For men, contusions were the most commonly diagnosed injury, although high ankle sprains resulted in the most significant time lost. For women, low ankle sprains were the most common and resulted in the most moderate time lost. These findings may direct future injury prevention and guide improvements in ice skate design.

Download Full-text

Ten-Year Epidemiology of Ankle Injuries in Men's and Women's Collegiate Soccer Players

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-144-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 881-888

Author(s):

Matthew Gulbrandsen ◽

David E. Hartigan ◽

Karan A. Patel ◽

Justin L Makovicka ◽

Sailesh V Tummala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Lateral Ligament ◽

Deltoid Ligament ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Injury Rates

Context Data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) have indicated that ankle injuries are the most common injuries among NCAA soccer players. Objective To review 10 years of NCAA-ISP data for soccer players' ankle injuries to understand how the time period (2004–2005 through 2008–2009 versus 2009–2010 through 2013–2014), anatomical structure injured, and sex of the athlete affected the injury rate, mechanism, and prognosis. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Online injury surveillance. Main Outcome Measure(s) The NCAA-ISP was queried for men's and women's soccer ankle data from 2004 to 2014. Ankle-injury rates were calculated on the basis of injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. Rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare injury rates. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were used to compare injury characteristics. Results When compared with the 2004–2005 through 2008–2009 seasons, the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 seasons showed a similar rate of injuries (RR = 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 1.04) but fewer days missed (P < .001) and fewer recurrent injuries (IPR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.41, 0.74). The 4 most common ankle injuries, which accounted for 95% of ankle injuries, were lateral ligament complex tears (65.67%), tibiofibular ligament (high ankle) sprains (10.3%), contusions (10.1%), and medial (deltoid) ligament tears (9.77%). Of these injuries, high ankle sprains were most likely to cause athletes to miss ≥30 days (IPR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.24, 2.90). Men and women had similar injury rates (RR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.94, 1.11). Men had more contact injuries (IPR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.16, 1.41) and contusion injuries (IPR = 1.34, CI = 1.03, 1.73) but fewer noncontact injuries (IPR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78, 0.95) and lateral ligamentous complex injuries (IPR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86, 0.98). Conclusions Although the rate of ankle injuries did not change between the 2004–2005 through 2008–2009 seasons and the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 seasons, the prognoses improved. Among the 4 most common ankle injuries, high ankle sprains resulted in the worst prognosis. Overall, male and female NCAA soccer players injured their ankles at similar rates; however, men were more likely to sustain contact injuries.

Download Full-text

The Snowboarder's Foot and Ankle

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/03635465980260021901 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 136

Author(s):

Douglas P. Kirkpatrick ◽

Robert E. Hunter ◽

Peter C. Janes ◽

Jackie Mastrangelo ◽

Richard A. Nicholas

Keyword(s):

Injury Rate ◽

Soft Tissue Injuries ◽

Fracture Pattern ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Foot Injuries ◽

Lateral Process ◽

Ski Resorts

We undertook a prospective study to determine the type and distribution of foot and ankle snowboarding injuries. Reports of 3213 snowboarding injuries were collected from 12 Colorado ski resorts between 1988 and 1995. Of these, 491 (15.3%) were ankle injuries and 58 (1.8%) were foot injuries. Ankle injuries included 216 (44%) fractures and 255 (52%) sprains. Thirty-three (57%) of the foot injuries were fractures and 16 (28%) were sprains. The remaining injuries were soft tissue injuries, contusions, or abrasions. There was no significant correlation between boot type (soft, hybrid, or hard) and overall foot or ankle injury rate. There were significantly fewer ankle sprains in patients wearing hybrid boots and fewer fractures of the lateral process of the talus in patients wearing soft boots. An unexpectedly high number of fractures of the lateral process of the talus were noted. These 74 fractures represented 2.3% of all snowboarding injuries, 15% of all ankle injuries, and 34% of the ankle fractures. Many of these fractures are not visible on plain radiographs and require computed tomography imaging to be diagnosed. Diagnosis of this fracture pattern is paramount; the physician should be very suspicious of anterolateral ankle pain in the snowboarder, where subtle fractures that may require surgical intervention can be confused with anterior talofibular ligament sprains.

Download Full-text

The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Basketball (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Basketball (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-150-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 1037-1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Daniel R. Clifton ◽

Jay Hertel ◽

James A. Onate ◽

Dustin W. Currie ◽

Lauren A. Pierpoint ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Web Based ◽

High School Girls ◽

Women's Basketball ◽

School Girls

Context The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's basketball injury data. Objective To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' basketball in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate women's basketball in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Online injury surveillance from basketball teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 57). Patients or Other Participants Girls' and women's basketball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s) Certified athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare injury rates by school size or division, time in season, event type, and competition level. Results The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 2930 time-loss injuries during 1 609 733 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 3887 time-loss injuries during 783 600 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (4.96 versus 1.82/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.73; 95% CI = 2.60, 2.86). The injury rate was higher in competitions than in practices for both high school (IRR = 3.03; 95% CI = 2.82, 3.26) and collegiate (IRR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.86, 2.12) players. The most common injuries at both levels were ligament sprains, concussions, and muscle/tendon strains; the majority of injuries affected the ankle, knee, and head/face. These injuries were often caused by contact with another player or a noncontact mechanism. Conclusions Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school athletes and in competitions than in practices. Similarities in distributions of injuries by body parts, specific diagnoses, and mechanisms of injury suggest that both levels may benefit from similar injury-prevention strategies.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Cross-Country: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-394-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 629-635

Author(s):

Avinash Chandran ◽

Sarah N. Morris ◽

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Christy L. Collins

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Lateral Ligament ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Cross Country ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association has sponsored men's cross-country programs since 1938, and the sport has grown greatly in scope since then. Background Routine examinations of men's cross-country injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 4.01 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Most reported injuries were inflammatory conditions (30.2%), strains (18.7%), and sprains (11.5%); rates of inflammatory conditions were highest in preseason. The most commonly reported injuries were lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains; 8.2%). Summary Findings of this study were not entirely consistent with existing evidence; continued monitoring of competition injury rates and rates of commonly reported injuries is needed beyond 2018–2019.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Lacrosse: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-612-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 758-765

Author(s):

Bernadette A. D'Alonzo ◽

Abigail C. Bretzin ◽

Avinash Chandran ◽

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Epidemiological Evidence ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Lower Extremity Injuries ◽

Extremity Injuries ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The popularity of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's lacrosse has been steadily increasing since the early 1980s. Background Injury surveillance is an important tool to aid in identifying emerging patterns of sport-related injury in NCAA men's lacrosse. Methods Injury data collected from a sample of men's lacrosse teams through the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the academic years 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Athlete exposures were estimated and computed based on collected exposure data. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 4.90 per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), and the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (IRR = 2.59; 95% CI = 2.35, 2.84). The overall preseason injury rate was higher than the regular and postseason injury rates. The most reported injuries were concussions (8.0%), ankle sprains (7.7%), and hamstring tears (6.9%). Conclusions Study findings were comparable with existing epidemiological evidence. The overall burden of concussions and lower extremity injuries warrant further attention in this population.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Basketball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-466-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 674-680

Author(s):

Landon B. Lempke ◽

Avinash Chandran ◽

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sports Medicine ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Women's Basketball

Context Frequent inspection of sports-related injury epidemiology among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's basketball student-athletes is valuable for identifying injury-related patterns. Background Emerging patterns in epidemiology of NCAA women's basketball injuries are unknown though general sports medicine practices, and playing rules and regulations have evolved in recent years. Methods Athlete exposures (AEs) and injury incidence data were reported to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program between 2014–2015 and 2018–2019. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to examine injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) were used to assess injury rate differences. Results Practice and competition injury rates were 5.93 and 10.35 per 1000 AEs, respectively. Preseason injury rates were higher than regular (IRR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.53) and postseason (IRR = 3.12; 95% CI = 2.39, 4.07). Ankle sprains (14.3%), concussions (7.5%), and anterior cruciate ligament tears (2.5%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Summary Higher rates of practice and competition injuries, as well as ankle sprains, were observed relative to previous reports; continuous monitoring is necessary to identify potential contributing factors to these trends.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors in Adolescent Athletes: An Injury Surveillance

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094857 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4857

Author(s):

Pablo Prieto-González ◽

Jose Luis Martínez-Castillo ◽

Luis Miguel Fernández-Galván ◽

Arturo Casado ◽

Sergio Soporki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Personal Data ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Adolescent Athletes ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology of sport-related injuries in amateur and professional adolescent athletes and the incidence of different risk factors on those injuries. Four hundred ninety-eight athletes aged 14 to 21 voluntarily participated in this prospective injury surveillance, conducted from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. The information collected included: personal data, sports aspects, characteristics of the injuries, and lifestyle. Forty point four percent of the participants suffered an injury in 2019 (39% of them in a previously injured area). The average injury rate was 2.64 per 1000 h. Soccer presented the highest rate (7.21). The most common injuries were: lumbar muscle strains (12.24%), ankle sprains (11.98%), and bone fractures (9.31%). Ankles (36.12%), knees (19.32%), and shoulders (6.47%) concentrated the highest number of injuries. Fifty-nine point twenty-eight percent of the injuries occurred during practices, and 40.72% during competition or peri-competition. Higher injury rates were associated (in this order) with the following factors: (a) Greater number of hours of practice per week. (b) Not performing warm-ups. (c) Using inadequate sports facilities. (d) Being aged 14–17. (e) Not performing physical preparation. (f) Inappropriate training load. (g) Not performing injury-preventive activities. (h) Performing sports technique without the supervision of one sports coach. (i) Inadequate sports equipment. In conclusion, since most injury risk factors are modifiable, it is imperative to implement strategies to reduce amateur and professional adolescent athletes’ injury rates.

Download Full-text

Epidemiologic Measures for Quantifying the Incidence of Concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.05 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Zachary Y. Kerr ◽

Karen G. Roos ◽

Aristarque Djoko ◽

Sara L. Dalton ◽

Steven P. Broglio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Student Athletes ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Sports Concussion ◽

Women's Basketball ◽

Surveillance Programs

Context: Injury rates compare the relative frequency of sport-related concussions across groups. However, they may not be intuitive to policy makers, parents, or coaches in understanding the likelihood of concussion. Objective: To describe 4 measures of incidence (athlete-based rate, athlete-based risk, team-based rate, and team-based risk) during the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 academic years. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program in 13 sports (men's baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, and wrestling and women's basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and volleyball). Patients or Other Participants: Collegiate student-athletes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sport-related concussion data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 academic years were analyzed. We calculated concussion rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), concussion risk, average number of concussions per team, and percentage of teams with at least 1 concussion. Results: During the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 academic years, 1485 concussions were sustained by 1410 student-athletes across 13 sports. Concussion rates ranged from 0.09/1000 AEs in men's baseball to 0.89/1000 AEs in men's wrestling. Concussion risk ranged from 0.74% in men's baseball to 7.92% in men's wrestling. The average ± SD number of concussions per team ranged from 0.25 ± 0.43 in men's baseball to 5.63 ± 5.36 in men's football. The percentage of teams with a concussion ranged from 24.5% in men's baseball to 80.6% in men's football. Conclusions Although men's wrestling had a higher concussion rate and risk, men's football had the largest average number of concussions per team and the largest percentage of teams with at least 1 concussion. The risk of concussion, average number of concussions per team, and percentage of teams with concussions may be more intuitive measures of incidence for decision makers. Calculating these additional measures is feasible within existing injury surveillance programs, and this method can be applied to other injury types.

Download Full-text