Early Ibero-Romance: Twenty-One Studies on Language and Texts from the Iberian Peninsula between the Roman Empire and the Thirteenth Century

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-81
Author(s):  
Ralph Penny
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Thirteenth Century

Birdsong and the Edges of the Empire

Stolen Song ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 115-137
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
The South ◽  
Roman De La Rose ◽  
Roman De La Violette

This chapter studies Gerbert de Montreuil's Roman de la violette (ca. 1230). Just like Jean Renart's Roman de la Rose, the Violette emphasizes the border to the east of Capetian France (the border with the Empire) rather than the border to the south (with Occitania). This suggests a greater interest on the part of thirteenth-century francophone writers in the Battle of Bouvines than in the Albigensian Crusade. In the Violette, however, the Holy Roman Empire has not been conquered by the “soft power” of francophone artistic traditions. Instead, it is marked as a dangerous space—a valence conveyed in part through the territory's association with hunting birds, especially the eagle, in recognition of the most commonly deployed imperial symbol. The chapter then documents a critical blind spot in Violette criticism: the saturation of imperial symbolism and geography within the romance. It then turns to the text's quotation of troubadour song, which is also placed within an avian typology. If the Empire is characterized mainly by hunting birds, Occitan song is, by contrast, associated with songbirds. Unlike in Jean Renart's Rose, where many grands chants foregrounded birdsong thematically, here this association between human song and birdsong is unique to the Occitan insertions within the romance.

Keeping Up with the French

Stolen Song ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 81-114
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Roman De La Rose ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
French Culture ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines Jean Renart's Roman de la rose (early thirteenth century). It specifically assesses the way in which francophone lyric and other French artistic objects—the symbolic significance of which has previously been dismissed by critics—are circulated with a peculiar frenzy by the elite of the Holy Roman Empire in Rose. Renart implies that instead of taking an interest in the artistic traditions more native to the Empire—such as Minnesang (the German analog of troubadour and trouvère song)—the cultural elite of the Empire are infatuated with French cultural products. The chapter then looks at the processes through which Occitan song is assimilated into the broader francophone lyric landscape, one of which is linguistic Gallicization. This process has resulted in this text, as elsewhere in the French reception of the troubadours, in occasional moments of nonsensicality, and the chapter documents the various ways in which this nonsensicality is accounted for within the narrative. Finally, it considers the ramifications of this staging of French culture (including Gallicized Occitan) within the narrative.

The Slaves of the Churches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. The story begins in the New Testament era, when the earliest Christian norms were established, and continues through the late Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Carolingian Empire, to the thirteenth-century establishment of a body of ecclesiastical regulations (canon law) that would persist into the twentieth century. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. The book stops in the thirteenth century, which was a time of great changes, not only in the history of the legal profession, but also in the history of slavery as Europeans began to reach out into the Atlantic. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon.

The Foundations of Primatial Claims in the Western Church (Eleventh–Thirteenth Centuries)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABRICE DELIVRÉ
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Gregorian Reform ◽  
Late Roman

From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, many archbishops in the western Church turned to the papacy to obtain confirmation of supra-metropolitan prerogatives in harmony with the hierarchical principles of the Gregorian Reform. The study of the proofs produced by these primates makes it possible to identify distinct, contrasting encounters between local ecclesiastical structures and the False Decretals, a canonical collection (c. 836–8/c. 847–52) which was widely disseminated in the central Middle Ages. This process reveals the opposition between two types of territorial primacies, based, on the one hand, on kingdoms searching for unity or, on the other, on the civil provinces of the late Roman Empire.

The Iberian Peninsula

2019 ◽  
pp. 583-602
Author(s):  
José Luis López Castro
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
City States ◽  
Punic Wars ◽  
The City

The initial Phoenician presence in the Iberian Peninsula dates to the ninth century bce with the foundation of small settlements along the southern coast. During the eighth and seventh centuries bce, the number of colonial settlements along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Iberia began to increase rapidly. Phoenicians traded with indigenous populations, exchanging high-quality artisanal products for metals from Iberia. In addition, colonial settlers exploited their surrounding territory for agriculture and animal husbandry. They also took advantage of marine resources such as fishing. The colonial population was socially stratified and included individuals of indigenous origin who worked in the various industries, as well as women who intermarried with foreigners. Around the beginning of the sixth century bce, the colonial population was restructured: the western Phoenicians organized themselves into city-states, a process that is recorded in the ancient written sources. They maintained commercial relations with the indigenous Iberians and with Carthaginians, Greeks, and Etruscans. In the final part of the third century bce, these cities allied with Carthage in the fight against Rome. Following Rome’s success in the Punic Wars and conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the cities were required to pay tribute to Rome, except the city of Gades/Gadir (Cádiz), which maintained a foedus. The elite Phoenician citizens underwent a process of integration with the Roman Empire, eventually obtaining municipal status for their cities, some under Julius Caesar and others later during the Flavian period.

Review of: Theology and Politics. Power, Church and Text in the Visigothic Kingdoms (V - early VIII Century): Research and Translation / ed.-comp. O. V. Aurov; general ed. O. V. Aurov, E. S. Marey. Moscow: Delo, 2017. 352 p. ISBN 978-5-7749-1253-7

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
Владимир Михайлович Тюленев
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Church ◽  
Christian Society

В числе научных направлений, разрабатываемых в отечественной исторической науке последних нескольких лет, особенно выделяется то, что связано с изучением христианской Испании периода раннего Средневековья. За сравнительно короткий период времени вышло в свет сразу несколько изданий, предлагающих читателю как источники, отражающие становление христианского общества и культуры на Пиренейском полуострове периода поздней Римской империи и варварских королевств, так и исследования, в которых даётся новый взгляд на особенности иберийской истории того времени. Рецензируемая книга, подготовленная коллективом автором под общим научным руководством О. В. Аурова, является ярким примером успешного осмысления, а где-то переосмысления, исторического опыта христианства и Церкви вестготской Испании. Among the scientific directions that have been developed in the domestic historical science of the last few years, the most prominent is that associated with the study of Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages. In a relatively short period of time, several publications were published at once, offering the reader both sources reflecting the formation of Christian society and culture on the Iberian Peninsula during the period of the late Roman Empire and barbarian kingdoms, and studies that provide a new look at the features of the Iberian history of that time. The book under review, prepared by the team of the author under the general scientific guidance of O. V. Aurov, is a vivid example of a successful understanding, and somewhere rethinking, of the historical experience of Christianity and the Church of Visigothic Spain.

The Depiction of R. Shimon bar Yohai and Moses in Zoharic Literature

2016 ◽  
pp. 11-35
Author(s):  
Boaz Huss
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Canonical Literature

This chapter examines the strategy of the Zohar to present itself to readers through a juxtaposition of the figures of R. Shimon bar Yohai and Moses. By means of this contrast, the compilers of the work sought to create a canonical literature which was not only comparable to the Torah of Moses but was, they claimed, superior to it. The context for the comparison between R. Shimon and Moses, and for the portrayal of the rabbinic sage as greater than the biblical prophet, is the struggle between competing schools of kabbalah on the Iberian peninsula in the thirteenth century. The dominant school of kabbalah at the time was that of the followers of Nahmanides and R. Solomon ben Adret (Rashba). This competition was the framework in which the zoharic texts were created and in which their distribution and reception began.

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