scholarly journals Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L Russell ◽  
Dickson W Lwetoijera ◽  
Deodatus Maliti ◽  
Beatrice Chipwaza ◽  
Japhet Kihonda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Insecticide Treatment

scholarly journals Low Malaria Transmission in Rosso, an Irrigated Rice-Growing Area in Mauritania

Parasitologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-268
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott ◽  
Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry ◽  
Jemila Deida ◽  
Oum Kelthoum Mamadou Djigo ◽  
Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

The construction of dams along the Senegal River resulted in an increase in irrigated land areas and changes in the epidemiology and transmission of water-related diseases. The objective of this study was to update epidemiological data on malaria in Rosso, one of the major Mauritanian cities along the Senegal River. Febrile patients (n = 318) were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria and microscopic examination of blood smears. Diagnosis was later confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mean age of 318 febrile patients was 25.1 (range 1–80 years). Only 7 (2.2%) and 2 (0.6%) had a positive RDT and thick smear, respectively. PCR confirmed the diagnosis in two Plasmodium vivax-infected patients. Most participants (198/318, 62.3%) had no recent travel history outside Rosso. The majority of the febrile patients (90%, 284/311) owned at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN). The frequency of the use of ITNs was not significantly associated with season (rainy vs. dry seasons; p = 0.9) or with the number of ITNs per household (rs = 0.07; n = 285; p = 0.19). Of 285 individuals with ITNs, only two (0.7%) with no travel history were PCR-positive for malaria. Despite the presence of mosquito breeding sites related to rice irrigation, malaria transmission in Rosso remained very low, possibly due to the high coverage and frequent use of bed nets. Regular entomological surveillance for possible changes in the prevalence of Anopheles mosquito species and their behavioural aspects should be implemented.

scholarly journals Assessing the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers and Targeting the Observed Resilience of Malaria in Northwestern and Southern Tanzania: A Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy G Chiduo ◽  
Celine I. Mandara ◽  
Susan F. Rumisha ◽  
Frank Chaky ◽  
Filbert T. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Despite high coverage and successes in malaria control strategies, some areas of Tanzania have indicated stagnantion or revesal of malaria burden. In malaria research, most studies are designed to assess drivers of malaria transmission focusing only on one dimension, single location while very few studies assess multiple components and their interactions. This article describes the protocol used to assess intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of persistent malaria transmission (hotsposts) in four regions from northwestern (Geita and Kigoma) and southern (Ruvuma and Mtwara) Tanzania.Results: Preliminary results show that 6,297 HHs and 28,361 individuals with median age of 16yrs (IQR= 7-35yrs) were registered from the 16 villages. Over 49% of individuals used bed-nets in the previous night before the survey and 43.9% of HHs had bed-nets covering two members per household. For parasitological survey, 25.8% of registered individuals (n=7,313) were selected from 2,527 HHs (40.1%) and invited for assessment and sampling. The positivity rate (PR) by mRDTs was 33.3% (range = 21.9% to 41.1%); while by microscopy, the PR was 20.6% and varied from 8.0% to 29.0%. Socio-anthropology interviews were conducted with a total of 1,687 heads/representatives of HHs. For qualitative surveys 32 Focus group discussion (two from each village) and 16 key informant interviews (two per district) were conducted. Thirty-one health facilities were visited for health system survey; 19.4% (n=6) were hospitals; 41.9% (n=13) health centres and 38.7% (n=12) dispensaries. For entomological survey, 8,891 adult mosquitoes were collected, whereby Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and other mosquitoes accounted for 12.0%, 49.7% and 38.3%, respectively.Conclusion: An analysis plan using data from the five components surveyed has been proposed and results from this study are expected to determine factors potentially responsible for persistence of malaria (hotspots) in the study areas. Rather than the traditional methodology of focusing on one metric, the approach will triangulate observations from all five components, highlighting understanding of potential drivers while studying their complex interactions and map spatial heterogeneity. This study will provide an important framework and data which will guide future studies and malaria surveillance in Tanzania and other malaria endemic countries.

scholarly journals Comparing ownership and use of bed nets at two sites with differential malaria transmission in western Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacey C. Ernst ◽  
Mary H. Hayden ◽  
Heather Olsen ◽  
Jamie L. Cavanaugh ◽  
Irene Ruberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Western Kenya

EFFICACY OF PERMETHRIN-TREATED BED NETS IN THE PREVENTION OF MORTALITY IN YOUNG CHILDREN IN AN AREA OF HIGH PERENNIAL MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN WESTERN KENYA

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD ◽  
DANIEL H. ROSEN ◽  
AMOS ODHACHA ◽  
BERNARD L. NAHLEN ◽  
JOHN ARUDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Western Kenya

REDUCTION OF MALARIA DURING PREGNANCY BY PERMETHRIN-TREATED BED NETS IN AN AREA OF INTENSE PERENNIAL MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN WESTERN KENYA

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEIKO O. TER KUILE ◽  
MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK ◽  
BERNARD L. NAHLEN ◽  
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN ◽  
YA PING SHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Malaria During Pregnancy

scholarly journals Mapping malaria by combining parasite genomic and epidemiologic data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wesolowski ◽  
Aimee R. Taylor ◽  
Hsiao-Han Chang ◽  
Robert Verity ◽  
Sofonias Tessema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Transmission Reduction

AbstractRecent global progress in scaling up malaria control interventions has revived the goal of complete elimination in many countries. Decreasing transmission intensity generally leads to increasingly patchy spatial patterns of malaria transmission, however, and control programs must accurately identify remaining foci in order to target interventions efficiently. In particular, mosquito control interventions like bed nets and insecticide spraying are best targeted to transmission hotspots, and the role of connectivity between different pockets of local transmission becomes increasingly important since humans are able to move parasites beyond the limits of mosquito dispersal and re-introduce parasites to previously malaria-free regions. Quantifying the connectivity between regions due to human travel, measuring malaria transmission intensity in different areas, and monitoring parasite spatial spread are therefore key issues for policy-makers because they underpin the feasibility of elimination and inform the path to its attainment. To this end, recent efforts have been made to develop new approaches to incorporating human mobility into spatial epidemiological models, for example using mobile phone data, and there has been a surge of interest in collecting spatially informative parasite samples to measure the genomic signatures of parasite connectivity. Due to their complicated life-cycles, Plasmodium parasites pose unique challenges to researchers in this respect and new methods that move beyond traditional phylogenetic and population genetic tools must be developed to harness genetic information effectively. Here, we discuss the spatial epidemiology of malaria in the context of transmission-reduction interventions, and the challenges and promising directions for the development of integrated mapping, modeling, and genomic approaches that leverage disparate data sets to measure both connectivity and transmission.

scholarly journals Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus s.s. biting pattern in Dielmo, an area of low level exposure to malaria vectors.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souleymane Doucoure ◽  
Omar Thiaw ◽  
Amélé N. Wotodjo ◽  
Charles Bouganali ◽  
Nafissatou Diagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Biting Behaviour

Abstract Background: In Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the anopheles population. However, persistent low-level malaria transmission may hamper efforts to eliminate the disease. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the vector population is needed in order to improve knowledge of anopheles biting behaviour and to readjust control interventions.Methods: In 2015, anopheles were collected every month for a whole year and each specimen was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The biting pattern of each species was analysed according to night (7pm–7am) and day (7am–11am) periods, the place of biting and the season. The ELISA CSP technique was used to evaluate the entomological inoculation rate (EIR).Results: An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.s. were found to be the main vectors biting human in Dielmo. Overall, the biting rate was low, at 3.84bites per night (bpn) and 1.27 bites per day (bpd), respectively. The EIR was 2.51 and 5.03 infected bites per year during the night and day, respectively. During the night, the An. arabiensis and An. funestus biting rate was 1.81 bpn and 1.71 bpn, respectively (p=0.80). During daylight hours, their aggressiveness decreased to 0.51 bpd and 0.73 bpd for An. arabiensis and An. funestus, respectively (p=0.30). During the night, depending on the seasons, only An. funestus displayed a significant outdoor biting behaviour both in the rainy and dry seasons, while during the day, no specific trend of indoor or outdoor biting was observed, regardless of the season for both vectors.Conclusion: This study highlighted low level anopheles nocturnal and diurnal biting and the associated risk of malaria transmission. It showed also the influence of the season on the indoor and outdoor biting pattern, indicating that the human population could be exposed all year round to a low level of anopheles bites. Control programs should increase awareness of the use of bed-nets throughout the year, particularly shortly after dawn when people are still indoors.

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