Karyotype, evolution and phylogenetic reconstruction in Micronycterinae bats with implications for the ancestral karyotype of Phyllostomidae

Marsupial mammals show extraordinary karyotype stability, with 2n = 14 considered ancestral. However, macropodid marsupials (kangaroos and wallabies) exhibit a considerable variety of karyotypes, with a hypothesised ancestral karyotype of 2n = 22. Speciation and karyotypic diversity in rock wallabies (Petrogale) is exceptional. We used cross species chromosome painting to examine the chromosome evolution between the tammar wallaby (2n = 16) and three 2n = 22 rock wallaby species groups with the putative ancestral karyotype. Hybridization of chromosome paints prepared from flow sorted chromosomes of the tammar wallaby to Petrogale spp., showed that this ancestral karyotype is largely conserved among 2n = 22 rock wallaby species, and confirmed the identity of ancestral chromosomes which fused to produce the bi-armed chromosomes of the 2n = 16 tammar wallaby. These results illustrate the fission-fusion process of karyotype evolution characteristic of the kangaroo group.

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Karyotype Evolution in Harvestmen of the Suborder Cyphophthalmi (Opiliones)

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000445863 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 148 (2-3) ◽

pp. 227-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hana Svojanovská ◽

Petr Nguyen ◽

Matyáš Hiřman ◽

Ivan H. Tuf ◽

Rodzay Abdul Wahab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

Ribosomal Rna ◽

Chromosome Pair ◽

Karyotype Evolution ◽

Rdna Locus ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

Rdna Probe ◽

Basal Group ◽

Rna Genes

The morphologically uniform suborder Cyphophthalmi represents a basal group of harvestmen (Opiliones). As such, it plays an important role in the reconstruction of the karyotype evolution within this arachnid order. The cytogenetic analysis of 6 representatives of the suborder Cyphophthalmi, namely Miopsalis sp. (2n = 30; Stylocellidae), Austropurcellia arcticosa (Cantrell, 1980) (2n = 30; Pettalidae), Parapurcellia amatola de Bivort & Giribet, 2010 (2n = 32; Pettalidae), Paramiopsalis aff. ramulosus Juberthie, 1962 (2n = 28; Sironidae), Cyphophthalmus duricorius Joseph, 1868 (2n = 24; Sironidae), and Siro carpaticus Rafalski, 1956 (2n = 52; Sironidae) was performed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probe was used to analyze the distribution of major ribosomal RNA genes in harvestmen. We confront the obtained cytogenetic data with current hypotheses on cyphophthalmid phylogeny to reconstruct their karyotype evolution. We conclude that the ancestral karyotype of harvestmen consisted of 2n = 30 elements with 1 chromosome pair bearing terminal rDNA clusters. The rDNA locus was multiplicated in the evolution of Cyphophthalmi. However, decreases as well as increases in the number of chromosomes have been detected in the karyotype evolution of Cyphophthalmi. Our data thus reveal unexpected diversity in cyphophthalmid karyotypes.

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Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction and localization of the (TTAGG)n telomeric repeats in the chromosomes of Acromyrmex striatus (Roger, 1863) suggests a lower ancestral karyotype for leafcutter ants (Hymenoptera)

Comparative Cytogenetics ◽

10.3897/compcytogen.v12i1.21799 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Tássia Tatiane Pontes Pereira ◽

Ana Caroline Coelho Corrêa dos Reis ◽

Danon Clemes Cardoso ◽

Maykon Passos Cristiano

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Genome Chromosome ◽

Ancestral Chromosome ◽

Leafcutter Ants ◽

A Genome ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Karyotype Analyses

Chromosome counts and karyotype characterization have proved to be important features of a genome. Chromosome changes during the diversification of ants might play an important role, given the diversity and success of Formicidae. Comparative karyotype analyses on ants have enriched and helped ant systematics. Among leafcutter ants, two major chromosome counts have been described, one frequent in Atta Fabricius, 1804 (2n = 22 in all Atta spp. whose karyotype is known) and the other frequent in Acromyrmex Mayr, 1865 (2n = 38 in the majority of species whose karyotype is known). The main exception is Acromyrmexstriatus (Roger, 1863), which harbors a diploid chromosome set of 22. Here we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes with (TTAGG)6 repeats to describe the telomere composition of A.striatus and to recover potential interstitial non-telomeric signals that may reflect fusion events during the evolution of leafcutter lineage from 38 to 22 chromosomes. Further, we reconstruct the ancestral chromosome numbers of the leafcutter clade based on a recently proposed molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and phylogenomic tree. Distinct signals have been observed in both extremities on the telomere chromosomes of A.striatus. Non-telomeric signals have not been retrieved in our analysis. It could be supposed that the low-numbered karyotype indeed represents the ancestral chromosome number of leafcutters. The phylogenetic reconstruction also recovered a low chromosome number from the diverse approaches implemented, suggesting that n = 11 is the most likely ancestral karyotype of the leafcutter ants and is a plesiomorphic feature shared between A.striatus and Atta spp.

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Phylogenetic Analysis and Karyotype Evolution in Two Species of Core Gruiformes: Aramides cajaneus and Psophia viridis

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11030307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 307 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ivanete de Oliveira Furo ◽

Rafael Kretschmer ◽

Patrícia C. M. O’Brien ◽

Jorge C. Pereira ◽

Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Genomic Dna ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Karyotype Evolution ◽

Molecular Cytogenetics ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

The Core ◽

Fulica Atra ◽

The Common ◽

Different Origins

Gruiformes is a group with phylogenetic issues. Recent studies based on mitochondrial and genomic DNA have proposed the existence of a core Gruiformes, consisting of five families: Heliornithidae, Aramidae, Gruidae, Psophiidae and Rallidae. Karyotype studies on these species are still scarce, either by conventional staining or molecular cytogenetics. Due to this, this study aimed to analyze the karyotype of two species (Aramides cajaneus and Psophia viridis) belonging to families Rallidae and Psopiidae, respectively, by comparative chromosome painting. The results show that some chromosome rearrangements in this group have different origins, such as the association of GGA5/GGA7 in A. cajaneus, as well as the fission of GGA4p and association GGA6/GGA7, which place P. viridis close to Fulica atra and Gallinula chloropus. In addition, we conclude that the common ancestor of the core Gruiformes maintained the original syntenic groups found in the putative avian ancestral karyotype.

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Comparative Chromosome Painting in Two Brazilian Stork Species with Different Diploid Numbers

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000503019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 159 (1) ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Igor C.A. Seligmann ◽

Ivanete O. Furo ◽

Michelly S. dos Santos ◽

Marcella M. Tagliarini ◽

Cristiane C.D. Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

South America ◽

Chromosome Painting ◽

Diploid Number ◽

Karyotype Evolution ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Diploid Chromosome Number ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

Comparative Chromosome Painting ◽

The Family

Despite the variation observed in the diploid chromosome number of storks (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), from 2n = 52 to 2n = 78, most reports have relied solely on analyses by conventional staining. As most species have similar macrochromosomes, some authors propose that karyotype evolution involves mainly fusions between microchromosomes, which are highly variable in species with different diploid numbers. In order to verify this hypothesis, in this study, the karyotypes of 2 species of storks from South America with different diploid numbers, the jabiru (Jabiru mycteria, 2n = 56) and the maguary stork (Ciconia maguary, 2n = 72), were analyzed by chromosome painting using whole chromosome probes from the macrochromosomes of Gallus gallus (GGA) and Leucopternis albicollis (LAL). The results revealed that J. mycteria and C. maguary share synteny within chromosome pairs 1-9 and Z. The syntenies to the macrochromosomes of G. gallus are conserved, except for GGA4, which is homologous to 2 different pairs, as in most species of birds. A fusion of GGA8 and GGA9 was observed in both species. Additionally, chromosomes corresponding to GGA4p and GGA6 are fused to other segments that did not hybridize to any of the macrochromosome probes used, suggesting that these segments correspond to microchromosomes. Hence, our data corroborate the proposed hypothesis that karyotype evolution is based on fusions involving microchromosomes. In view of the morphological constancy of the macrochromosome pairs in most Ciconiidae, we propose a putative ancestral karyotype for the family, including the GGA8/GGA9 fusion, and a diploid number of 2n = 78. The use of probes for microchromosome pairs should be the next step in identifying other synapomorphies that may help to clarify the phylogeny of this family.

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Chromosome Painting in Neotropical Long- and Short-Tailed Parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes): Phylogeny and Proposal for a Putative Ancestral Karyotype for Tribe Arini

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes9100491 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 491 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ivanete de Oliveira Furo ◽

Rafael Kretschmer ◽

Patrícia C. M. O’Brien ◽

Jorge C. Pereira ◽

Analía del Valle Garnero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Painting ◽

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽

Diploid Number ◽

Karyotype Evolution ◽

Paracentric Inversion ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

Intrachromosomal Rearrangements

: Most Neotropical Psittacidae have a diploid number of 2n = 70, and a dichotomy in chromosome patterns. Long-tailed species have biarmed macrochromosomes, while short-tailed species have telo/acrocentric macrochromosomes. However, the use of chromosome painting has demonstrated that karyotype evolution in Psittacidae includes a high number of inter/intrachromosomal rearrangements. To determine the phylogeny of long- and short-tailed species, and to propose a putative ancestral karyotype for this group, we constructed homology maps of Pyrrhura frontalis (PFR) and Amazona aestiva (AAE), belonging to the long- and short-tailed groups, respectively. Chromosomes were analyzed by conventional staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization using whole chromosome paints of Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. Conventional staining showed a karyotype with 2n = 70 in both species, with biarmed macrochromosomes in PFR and telo/acrocentric chromosomes in AAE. Comparison of the results with the putative avian ancestral karyotype (PAK) showed fusions in PFR of PAK1p/PAK4q (PFR1) and PAK6/PAK7 (PFR6) with a paracentric inversion in PFR6. However, in AAE, there was only the fusion between PAK6/7 (AAE7) with a paracentric inversion. Our results indicate that PFR retained a more basal karyotype than long-tailed species previously studied, and AAE a more basal karyotype for Neotropical Psittacidae analyzed so far.

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Further insights on chromosomal evolution of the genus Enyalius with karyotype description of Enyalius boulengeri Etheridge, 1969 (Squamata, Leiosauridae)

Caryologia ◽

10.36253/caryologia-1120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Aparecida Valiati Barreto ◽

Marco Antônio Peixoto ◽

Késsia Leite de Souza ◽

Natália Travenzoli ◽

Renato Neves Feio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Pair ◽

Chromosome Evolution ◽

Karyotype Evolution ◽

Molecular Cytogenetics ◽

Pericentromeric Region ◽

Chromosomal Evolution ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

The Other ◽

Ancestral Karyotype ◽

Chromosome Variation

The genus Enyalius is composed of 10 described species inhabiting forest areas in Amozônia, Cerrado and Atlantic forest biomes. Currently, eight species with high levels of chromosome variation have been karyotyped. The study aims to characterize the karyotype of Enyalius boulengeri, with classical and molecular techniques, and improve knowledge about the karyotype evolution of the lizard genus Enyalius. The species has 2n = 36 chromosomes (8m + 4sm + 24mc), FN = 24; NORs and 18S rDNA were subtelomeric and located on chromosome pair 2. Repetitive DNA probes (CAT)10 accumulated on centromeric and terminal regions of some macrochromosomes. (GA)15 probe showed conspicuous accumulation on the pericentromeric region of chromosome pairs 1 and 6. Repetitive FISH patterns obtained with (GC)15 probe marked the pericentromeric region of the first chromosome pair. All probes showed accumulation in the microchromosomes. The chromosomal formula found on E. boulengeri has been considered the ancestral karyotype for pleurodont Iguania. The genus Enyalius is characterized by two distinctive chromosomal groups; one with highly conserved karyotypes, whereas the other is karyotypically diverse. Our molecular cytogenetics data are promising and will increase knowledge about the genus Enyalius chromosome evolution.

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A new species of Contomastix (Squamata, Teiidae) supported by total evidence, with remarks on diagnostic characters defining the genus

Herpetological Journal ◽

10.33256/hj29.1.2336 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 23-36

Author(s):

Mario. R. Cabrera

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Total Evidence ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Proximal Margin ◽

Diagnostic Characters ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

A New Species ◽

Molecular Characters

Formerly Cnemidophorus was thought to be the most speciose genus of Teiidae. This genus comprised four morphological groups that were later defined as four different genera, Ameivula, Aurivela, Cnemidophorus and Contomastix. The last appears as paraphyletic in a recent phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphology, but monophyletic in a reconstruction using molecular characters. Six species are allocated to Contomastix. One of them, C. lacertoides, having an extensive and disjunct geographic distribution in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Preliminary analyses revealed morphological differences among its populations, suggesting that it is actually a complex of species. Here, we describe a new species corresponding to the Argentinian populations hitherto regarded as C. lacertoides, by integrating morphological and molecular evidence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the presence of notched proximal margin of the tongue is a character that defines the genus Contomastix.

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