Venetoclax in relapsed/refractory blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with central nervous system involvement: a case report and review of the literature

Background We describe a patient with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with central nervous system involvement and the outcome of venetoclax use in this setting. Case presentation A 54-year-old Caucasian male was referred to the Haematology Unit with an enlarged inguinal lymph node which was diagnostic of a blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. The staging revealed disseminated disease (skin, visceral, lymph nodes, and bone marrow). He received chemotherapy with an acute myeloid leukaemia-like regime. Afterwards, he underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, though it was not successful, showing a relapse 14 months later with hepatic and central nervous system dissemination. Intrathecal chemotherapy was administered, and venetoclax (anti-bcl2 agent) was started in an off-label indication based on most recent literature. The disease halted its course for 3 months. In the end, the patient’s disease progressed and so he succumbed due to infectious complications. Conclusions Venetoclax monotherapy seems not enough to control the disease progression under CNS involvement and other treatments should be investigated.